John Nash Free Essays

Using the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM IV-TR) John Nash has been given the primary diagnosis of being undifferentiated. Plus abnormalities of the brain structure and function, disorganized speech and behavior, delusions, and hallucinations. Nash often has panic attacks, withdrawal from social activities, and loss of attention to personal hygiene and grooming, and the inability to separate real form unreal events. We will write a custom essay sample on John Nash or any similar topic only for you Order Now John Nash is classified under Undifferentiated Type because he had a number of symptoms such as delusions, disorganized behavior, disorganized speech, and hallucinations. He believes he is being forced to work for the government to decipher codes. That they inserted a coded chip in order to keep track of him, and if he doesn’t comply with their wishes, they will expose him to the Russians, who in turn will kill him. This interferes with his personal and work life tremendously. He also thought the imaginary person William Parcher, who belonged to the United States Department of Defense, was out to get him. In his mind, William Parcher was black-mailing him to do as he was told, or the US government would have him killed. I also believe that Nash could also be classified with anxiety and depression because after leaving the mental hospital, he wasn’t able to work, wasn’t able to properly take care of his child, or even feel attracted to his wife. Axis II: Schizophrenia Nash would be determined best under Schizotypical Personality. Nash has excessive social anxiety at times, few or no close friends, paranoia and suspiciousness, and odd disorganized speech. Axis III: John had a late onset of symptoms starting at around age 30. His first hallucination was that of a roommate who moved in shortly after he started at Princeton. His Thoughts are delusional and paranoid. He thought no one liked him and he had no close friends or relationships. He thought that every one of his peers where beneath him. He also thought he was a government agent. He thought people where following him, and he would show paranoid behavior by looking out the windows and over his shoulder. Axis IV: John Nash is a 51 year old, Caucasian male. He has a family wife and child,and is exceptionally smart. Nash’s stress can be blamed on his wife not understanding his problem or he felt like she did not believe him. Another is when Nash came home from the mental hospital and was brought into a house with a new child, which would be a big environmental stressor. He did not know how to take care of the child properly. Also, a new job promotion at Princeton University was also a stressor. Axis V— between 31 and 40 On the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, I believe Nash is in between 31 and 40. John Nash had disorganized speech and disorganized thoughts. John Nash is extremely intelligent has no learning disorder and also had a strange fixation with mathematics. Treatment: Some medication individual psychotherapy so that the Nash can get regularly talked to, focuses on current and past events or problems, experiences, thoughts and feelings. Cognitive-Behavioral Conclusion: John Nash will probably never be completely cured of his mental disorders but the treatment plan that I recommended for him should make him suitable to certain thing so that he can fit into a normal society. How to cite John Nash, Essay examples

Issues in Auditing and Professional Practice †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Issues in Auditing and Professional Practice. Answer: Description of three specific reasons for the high importance of auditor independence in Australia The financial statements use to give value-relevant information on the firms' equity, debt along with another market. The financial reports are usually the reflection of the financial performances of the business organization. Furthermore, this report represents the management of the business organization (Berk, DeMarzo, 2017). Auditing of the financial statements put additional values to the reports by giving a competent as well as independent verification of the validity of this representation. The word "independence" can be explained as the professional integrity of the person. In dependence needs avoidance of the situations that would intend to impede the objectivity or allow personal bias to influence the delicate decision. This lowers the risk of invalid information or in short information risk. Hence, the audit firms usually operate in an excessively competitive environment. There is important evidence that the audit firm is active competitor regarding audit practice as well as a competency for the undertaking audits. There is small or no noticeable evidence that the audit firms contest regarding independence. The threat relates to the audit independence are complicated (Besley, 2016). The auditor independence is thus one of the most important aspects of the organization that helps in improving the reliability of the organization. Several important reasons measure the importance of the auditors' independence. However, the three most imperative reasons that state that auditors independence is highly important for the organization in Australia. The auditors' independence is highly important; thus the auditors must be free from the customers' firm so that the opinion of the auditing firm will not be effected by any link between the client firm and the auditing firm (Brealey, Allen, Myers, 2006). The audit firms are anticipated to provide an unbiased as well as honest, professional judgment on the financial report to the shareholders of the clients' compan y. There are doubts, which are often stated in respect of the independence of the external auditors. It is important that the auditors are free from any obligation so that they can deliver an unbiased audit report, which can be entrusted by the shareholders and investors. The audit independence is important because, it support in providing unbiased financial reports of the company to the important stakeholders of the company such as the company's shareholders and investors, who need most the information of the financial statements to make their important financial decision (Britton, Waterston, 2013). The auditors independence supports the investors and the shareholders in getting unbiased critical information from the financial statement of the company, which help them in making important financial decisions. The importance of the independence is increasing because it supports in improving the reliability of the financial information provided by the company. The reliability of the financial information is the main factor of the Corporate Governance. It supports in improving the trust of the shareholders about the directors' stewardship to take important decision for the company (Christensen, Cottrell, Budd, 2016). The assurance given by the auditors is a main quality control on the reliable information. It helps in improving the credibility of the financial information of a company. The audit report by an independence auditors enhances the credibility of the company and help in appealing the investors. The unqualified report by the independent external auditors on the account must provide credibility as well as improve the appeal of the business firm to the investors of the company. Thus, this specific unqualified report must represent the perceptions of the independent experts who are not influenced by any types of personal interest for providing a favorable judgment (Clark, Baker, 2011). The lacking in independence possibly failed to complete professional needs to get adequate evidence to make a base of the audit opinion. The failure by the auditors to perform this challenges lead to reduce the credibility of the accountancy professionals. The lack of independence appears to mean that significant audit work possibility not done by the auditors as well as for this specific reason the shareholders do not get proper value for the auditing fees (Hargie, Tourish, 2009). Provision of the first outline of recommended changes their benefits and drawbacks In Australia the auditors independence is controlled by a combination of law provisions in the Corporation Act along with the professional standard: The Corporation Act Section 307C Divisions 3,4 along with 5 pf part 2M.4 of the Corporation Act Auditing Standard ASQC 1 Quality Control for the Firms, which perform audits plus reviews reports along with other financial information as well as other assurance involvement. Under the Corporation Act of Australia, an individual auditors or an audit firm or an audit company possibly appointed as the auditor of a business organization, company or registered scheme. In this matter, it must be seen that the auditors are the auditor of a registered company. The Australian audits standards are competent with the other standard provided by the various accounting standard board (Horngren, 2013). However, the Australian auditing can be improved by some regulatory changes, administrative changes, and for the ethical changes. The accounting law in Australia is competent with the best accounting practices of the world. However, to make it more prominent, the corporate laws amendment Act are suitable. Regulatory change The regulatory changes in this provision are also important for ensuring the independence audit within the business organization this essential amendment in the regulatory framework of the auditing standards help in improving the audit quality as well it ensure the auditor's independence. The Australian Auditing Standard Board provides essential rules for the auditing. Thus the provisions must be amended within the auditing standard the regulatory change has been most important that must be changed with the time being (Horngren, 2014). The regulatory changes help in improving the quality of the auditing, and the quality must be improved as the auditing is important for the business organization to improve the credibility of the audits. The regulatory changes are important for the improvement of the auditing as well as its support in improving the auditors' independence of the auditors. The regulatory body must improve the auditing standard to improve the laws of the auditing that sup port the auditing. Administrative change The administrative changes are also important, and these also play a vital role in improving the auditing standard of the country. The administrative changes support in improving the auditing task it enhances the auditing performance of the auditors' firms (Jones, 2013). Ethical change The professionals associated with the auditing functions needed to follow a range of auditing as well as professional standards in conducting auditing. The auditing standards include the basic principles plus necessary process with related guidance that will be implemented throughout the auditing and in the audit related services. The professional ethics declarations give the guidelines on the ethical issues plus detail the minute approved standards of professional, conducts by the members of the accounting profession. The Auditing and Assurance Standard Board of the Australian Accounting Research Foundation developed the auditing standard, and the standards are approved as well as issued by the National Councils of the two professional accountancy entities. The professional ethical standards that make the code of the professional conduct are established by National Council of the 2 professional accountancy entities (Libby, Libby, Short, 2012). The ethical issue must be managed by t he auditors to conduct the audit within the client company. The auditors must keep in mind that they have taken the important responsibility for auditing the firms that help in assessing the future perspective of the company. The information provided by the auditors are useful for making the important decision of the stakeholder of the enterprise. The auditor is responsible for investigating the financial reports of the companies. The auditing standards are developed by the auditing and assurance standard board, and accounting research foundation is useful in providing required guideline to the independent auditors to conduct the audit within the firm. The code of conduct is important for the auditors as it provides the requisite guidelines to the auditors to perform an auditing task of the undertaken business organization. Auditing and Assurance Standard Board of the Australian Accounting Research Foundation developed have to make few necessary amendments in the auditing standard a nd the ethical framework of the auditing for the auditors (Parrino, 2015). It has been recommended to the committee that the quality of the Australia's auditing and the professional ethical standard should be of highest quality. Moreover, it must be considered as one of the best standard and practices. The Australian Accounting Entities have invested significant professional time as well as effort in developing the auditing standards to expand to develop and implement at least equal or most exceeded the international standard. The accounting and the assurance standard board suggested it has been committed to a plan of harmonizing the auditing standard with the international auditing standard it has a paly vital role in the several international research project. Provision of the second outline of recommended changes their benefits and drawbacks An audit can be depicted as the process of collecting and assessing evidence to help the financial report being made by the management of an organization. The requirement for the Auditor independence is becoming an emerging question, and the issue is rising among the accounting professional. The auditors must be independent of the firm that use to be undertaken for the audit purpose (Powers, Needles, 2012). In this way, the audit decision cannot be influenced by the any of link between the auditors' firm and the undertaken firm that will be conducted auditing. The auditors are expected to provide an unbiased plus honest professional opinion on the financial statement to the shareholders. To support the impendence of the auditors the auditing and assurance board has to develop and implement some important rule in respect of the regulatory framework of the auditing task. The present laws in Australian Auditing and Assurance Board are not adequate for the ensuring the independence of t he auditors to perform auditing task within a company. Apart from the regulatory provision, the administrative provision is also important for the auditing profession (Rahman, 2015). The administrative changes are also important for the improvement of the auditing task in Australia. Thus it is recommended that the administrative changes should be brought within the auditing rules that support in improving the auditing quality as well as help in ensuring the auditor's independence will be secured during the process of the auditing tasks. Regulatory change The regulatory changes are important for the auditing task. Moreover, the Auditing and Assurance Standard Board support the auditors by providing necessary rules that support in improving the standard of the auditing. The regulatory framework of auditing or the related laws used in Australia are vulnerable to protect the independence of the auditors, and it may affect the auditing process and influence the auditing decision (Ricchiute, 2006). The laws are not adequate to provide quality audit that supports the auditing task within the organization. Hence the amendment in the regulatory framework is becoming essential to make sure that the auditing will be performed appropriately. Administrative change The administrative changes are also important for ensuring better quality audit task. The Australian Accounting Standard Board has prescribed some important rules that help in performing the administrative responsibilities and in proving an improved quality Audit to the clients. However, the laws of the Australian Accounting Standard Board and Auditing and Assurance Standard Board are not adequate in protecting the interest of the shareholders and the other stakeholder which are the important users of the financial statement of the company (Saxena, Srinivas, Rai, Rai, 2010). The auditors are responsible for reviewing the financial statement of the company and the auditors after reviewing provide a useful report that helps in making the important financial decision to the users of the financial reports. Ethical change The ethical changes are also required for the Australian accounting standard that provide the essential guidelines that provide effective, ethical changes. The ethics are one of the most important aspects of the business organizations' audit. The auditors must obey the audit ethics to conduct the auditing tax within the organization (Shim, Siegel, Shim, 2012). Provision of the third outline of recommended changes their benefits and drawbacks Regulatory change The regulatory changes that can be explained in this case clearly show the enhancement of the result which is being shown for the betterment of the structure and also the regulatory changes are providing a lot of benefits as considered in this study. The explanation clearly shows the changes in the consistency of the existing structure of the standards that are being used by showing the construction of the structure of the work. Therefore the structure of the work can be made by showing the enhancement o f the study showing the changes that are used for avoiding the misinterpretations over the auditors obligation (Waterston, 2006). The conformity with the ISAs and the best international practice can be easily shown by showing the conduct of the practices which are used for showing the conformity with the ISAs and the appropriate international practices can be depicted. The barrier considered in this case shows the auditing standards must be compiled by showing the enhancement of the programs and the changes that are depicted for showing the compliance costs. Administrative change For the betterment of the outcomes, the administrative changes are depicted to be consisting of the study programs in an appropriate way. The enhancement of the analysis can be depicted by showing the construction of the work which is being used for showing the control of the misinterpretations of the auditing rules and the regulations (Weil, 2017). These are constructed by showing the enhancement of the study and also the practices can be appropriately regulated by showing the enhancement of the work and also the consideration can be made by showing the appropriate changes in the framework of the structure. Ethical change The ethical changes enable in including the process of the structure which is defined to be structured by showing the enhancement of the work and also the construction of the work can be made in an appropriate way by showing the enhancement of the work. Therefore the ethical values that are considered which is being structured by showing the appropriate structure of the work. The construction can be appropriately constructed by showing the enhancement of the focus on the ethical values which are considered in this case (Welch, 2014). References Berk, J., DeMarzo, P. (2017).Corporate finance. Harlow, England: Pearson. Besley, S. (2016).Corporate finance. [Place of publication not identified]: Cengage Learning. Brealey, R., Allen, F., Myers, S. (2006).Corporate finance. Boston [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Britton, A., Waterston, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Christensen, T., Cottrell, D., Budd, C. (2016).Advanced financial accounting. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Clark, R., Baker, D. (2011).Finance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hargie, O., Tourish, D. (2009).Auditing Organizational Communication. Hoboken: Taylor Francis. Horngren, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia Group. Horngren, C. (2014).Accounting. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Jones, M. (2013).Accounting. Chichester: Wiley. Libby, R., Libby, P., Short, D.(2012).Financial accounting. Hoboken: Taylor Francis. Parrino, R. (2015).Corporate Finance. Singapore: John Wiley Sons. Powers, M., Needles, B. (2012).Financial accounting. [Mason]: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Rahman, N. (2015).Corporate Finance. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia. Ricchiute, D. (2006).Auditing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Thomson Learning. Saxena, R., Srinivas, K., Rai, U., Rai, S. (2010).Auditing. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Shim, J., Siegel, J., Shim, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill. Waterston, C. (2006).Financial Accounting. Pearson Education UK. Weil, R. (2017).Financial accounting. [Place of publication not identified]: Cengage Learning. Welch, I. (2014).Corporate finance. Los Angeles: Ivo Welch.

Cryptography, Asymmetric and Symmetric algorithms

Observation of American family essays

Observation of American family essays My family has never been one to do things small. All family gatherings and special events are done in large scale. We dont live close to each other so its always a huge deal when we do come together. Family is one of the things that I treasure the most in life. I have grown up believing that family comes first, and that my family loves me more than life itself. I have grown up with the smiles of my aunts and uncles, I have grown alongside the love of my grandparents and the cleverness of my cousins. My family is my world, they have a had a great deal in how I have grown up. The last family gathering that I can remember was on mothers day. Ive always enjoyed mothers day, and never gave a thought into it, but this time I sat in the living room with a pen and a pad and wrote everything that happened around me. I never realized that principles of anthropology applied to my family gatherings, but they did. Observing my family on mothers day made me realize that my family has their own beliefs on marriage rules, rules of residence, and they distinguish themselves according to their social class. The grown ups always liked to sit in the living room and talk, so I began to listen. They discussed my cousin Jennifer, and her engagement. They all seemed disappointed in it. She is 23 and still in college getting her masters in broadcasting. She announced her engagement three months ago and everyone was talking about it. Everyone disapproves her fianc. He is a black man, who is a mechanic and never has attended college. My family hates him. Its an unspoken rule that we must marry in our own culture. It makes it easier for my family to add to the family if that person shares our believes and customs. They want someone who they can relate with, someone who can blend into the family. They also, for vain reasons, want attractive people to add to the family. The wor...

You are the judge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

You are the judge - Essay Example Elaine has sued to recover her occupant. The plaintiff is supported by facts and legal rules that include written Promises whereby all employees at-will employees included are guarded by law in the case of unlawful termination. Elaine by her employer wrote the job offer letter; Jerry can be produced in court. The letter stated that Elaine would receive an annual salary of $30,000 and instead she was fired within the stated period. Availability of indirect promises could deter the employer from firing an employee. The court to determine whether the promise exist checks on assurances which could have been made by your employer that there was job continuity, the employment period in question and furthermore if your employer violated a legal practice while firing process in this case jerry did not offer Elaine a warning and reason for termination (Henry 67). In case the employer breached the good faith and fair dealing the termination would definitely be illegal. In situations where an employer terminates and employer so that he/she cannot claim the commission or if an employee is fired then be replaced by another employee who will earn less than the former employee. Elaine was fired and replaced by Kramer, who was less experienced and had low education level than Elaine and definitely, Kramer will work for low pay. An employee must not be fired in case he/she discloses a company’s illegal practice like failure to pay its workers or if he/she becomes a whistleblower discloses the harmful deeds of the company like environmental pollution. Finally, an employer must never fire an employee due to his gender, race, nationality, religion or age. In case of discrimination, an employee can sue the company if he/she if these claims are true (Henry 45). Facts and legal rules that support defendant argument include giving out warning letters and in case of no improvement then termination is justified. The employer must document all corrective records,

Peer Reviewed Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peer Reviewed Articles - Essay Example it of exhibiting bureaucratic element who are underpinned on the planning budget of every financial year, controlling and organizing the institution management board. The dichotomy between the two has been backed by theories related to management that are consistent with scientific management proposed by Fredric Taylor. Jointly the finding has a revelation that present time is not getting updated information on 21st century. Abraham Carmeli, Roy Gelbar &Roni Reiter-Palmon. Leadership, Creative Problem-Solving Capacity, and Creative Performance. Human Resource management 2013, Vol. 52, No. 1. Pp. 95–122Â © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The article Leadership, Creative Problem-Solving Capacity, and Creative Performance: The Importance of Knowledge Sharing was written by Abraham Carmeli in collaboration with Roy Gelbard and Roni Reiter-Palmon who presented a dyad of studies. They examined the possibility of leaders that are supportive of their behavior to enhance knowledge sharing and the employee creative problem solving capacity could have an influence on enhancing creative performance. The two reviewed studies had a revelation that leadership with habitual supportive behavior is directly and indirectly related, however, both internal and external knowledge sharing to creative problem solving capacity. It was observed that creative problem solving was related was related to a duo dimension of creative performance that is fluency and originality. In overall, the finding highlighted the complexity of the process by which leaders facilitate both internal and external knowledge sharing and employee creative problem so lving in order to increase the employee performance. The reliability of the two article was determined by examining the authors. They were experts in the field of the authorship presented. Secondly, the article was reviewed by other authors in the same field before the article was published. This makes the article reliable (Weller, 2001). Two criteria

Psychological Perspectives on Children’s Behaviour

Psychological Perspectives on Children’s Behaviour THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES AS APPLIED TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF CHILDREN’S BEHAVIOUR The main psychological perspectives as applied to the understanding of the development of children’s behaviour are; behaviourist, cognitive, social, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive and the developmental perspective. The behaviourist perspective is the influence of the outer environment on children’s behaviour. It discards the idea that children pass through set developmental stages or milestones. But are affected by the environment to which they are exposed to. The behaviour perspective focuses on how the outer environment influences how a child behaviour. It also focuses on how the environment affects their behaviour. â€Å"The behaviourist perspective looks at learning as the result of conditioning and that behaviour is learnt by positive and negative reinforcement† (Foster, S., Green, S and Kellas, S. (2008) BTEC National Children’s Care, Learning and Development , Nelson Thornes) A key theorist linking to the behaviourist theory is Albert Bandura. His theory was the Social Learning Theory (Observational Learning). It was most recently called ‘Social Cognitive Theory’. This theory looks at the moral and social behaviour in humans. He believes we learn through conditioning and by observing others. Bandura’s experiment was called the ‘Bobo Doll experiment’. The responses were all convoyed with verbal responses. I.e. one of the types of behaviour the adult showed was aggressive behaviour. The clip showed the adult punching the Bobo doll on it’s side, placing it on the floor and sitting on it and punching it on the nose. Whilst the adult was punching the Bobo doll on it’s nose. The adult continued to kick the Bobo doll around the room. The television clip also showed the adult using a mallet and whacking the doll with it. After the television clip had finished the children were left in a playroom with the Bobo doll for ten minutes. The children were then let into a room to play with the Bobo doll. The children showed hostile and aggressive behaviour toward the Bobo doll. Some of the objects used were mallets, like the adult had. However other objects were used such as guns. The experiment revealed that beha viour can be copied through observing and imitating others. An example of this in placement would be when I was sitting at the table with the children during dinner time. During this time two children were playing around with their food and they throwing it. I showed them that we eat this type of food with our hands. I then then ate some to show them that it tastes nice and they shouldn’t be afraid to eat with their hands. This then resulted in two children copying me and eating their dinner with their hands. The second psychological perspective is the cognitive perspective. The cognitive perspective or approach is the â€Å"psychological perspective emphasising active and interpretive nature of human information of human information processing† (Coolican, H., Cherchar, A., Walley, M, Cassidy, T,. Penny, G and Harrower J Page 367). The cognitive perspective is about how children make their own choices. This perspective focuses on how what a child learns affects their actions. This means this what a child learns influences their actions. This is done by a child’s thoughts and how a child processes and stores information. The third psychological perspective is the social perspective biological perspective. This perspective looks at how a child’s behaviour is done to their genetics. This means this perspective looks at a child and how they develop an understanding of the world and their surroundings around them. A theorist that believes this is Vygotsky. Vygotsky believed children learn best through social interaction with other peers and through adult intervention and through this is, is how they develop other skills. Vygotsky felt that children were capable of achieving past their potential and their stages of development however only with support and assistance from adults. â€Å"The difference between these two levels was known as the ‘zone of proximal development’, and this has huge implications for the adult who would help extend the child’s learning and reinforce it†. (Hill., K., Tassoni P., Page 256)An example of this would be if a child who suffers from OCD. O CD is a biological condition. If something is not in the correct place, or doing certain actions. A child at one of my placements suffered from Autism and OCD, if that child didn’t have snack at a certain time, the child would get very upset. As I worked with him during reception, snack time was available throughout the whole day and was not at a specific time, he found this difficult time. To help this child, me or another teacher would go through what activities were available to him that day and what he would like to in order. This was very effective and beneficial as he knew what was happening during the day. An example of this in placement would be through free play, the children have a chance to interact and integrate with other children. Adult intervention is very important in my setting. We welcome each child into the setting and talk to them about how they feel and what they would like to do. Communication goes hand in hand with adult interaction with adult intervent ion. I and the other staff at my placement scaffold the children’s learning when needed with certain tasks and activities. An example of this would be me helping a child to build a tower with wooden blocks. I helped the child to build a tower, thus helping them reach their goal. The next time they were able to build a tower on their own. The fourth psychological perspective is the psychodynamic perspective. This perspective focuses on the subconscious and the part in plays in us making the decisions we do. Freud is a key theorist that links into this perspective. Freud’s theory is the ‘Psychosexual stages of development’. Freud’s theory is based on the early childhood experiences form the behaviour we acquire as adults. Early attachment relationships with parents form a great impact on this. The fifth psychological perspective is the humanistic perspective. Freud believed that â€Å"the unconscious mind has a large part to play in how we feel and that the influences of the unconscious mind come from past experiences and form our instincts.† (Foster, S., Green, S. Kellas S., Page 112) Freud’s developed five stages and these were ; the oral stage, the anal stage, phallic stage, laterncy stage and the genital stage. The oral stage is the first stage is about how a child finds pleasure in putting objects in their mouth. The child is intent on satisfying their libido, by placing all sort of objects in their mouth. This can however be replicated at a child’s later life by thumb sucking or nail biting. The oral stage is when a child is first born to the age of one. The anal stage takes place between the first, two years of age. The pleasure zone in this period is the anus. This stage focuses on a child controlling their bowels and bladder. This when the eg o starts to develop and starts to control the id, this is done by the child asking to achieve potty training and toilet training. The next stage is the phallic stage, this takes place between the ages of two and six. The pleasure zone during this period is the phallus. This stage focuses on how a child has developed an awareness of their genitals and how a child plays with their genitals and gain pleasure from it. At this stage the superego develops. The laercy stage follows and takes place between the ages of six and eleven years. This stages’ pleasure zone doesn’t have one. This perspective focuses on what makes a child an individual by focusing on what makes a child an individual, and that is their characteristics. The Odeipus (boy) and Electra (girl) issues are resolved. A child can now build on a relationship with a same sex parent without feeling jealousy. The last stage is the genital stage. This is between the ages of 11 years into adulthood. The pleasure zone for this is the genitals. Its main characteristics is how a child can develop having sexual feelings (puberty) to then in adulthood settling down into a relationship. Freud believed though that if an adult is fixed at a certain stage such as the oral stage, their only pleasure of the relationship would be from kissing and not from sexual intercourse. This theory may be linked into practice by if a child is fixed at a certain stage such as the oral stage (this may be nail biting or thumb sucking) may be experiencing anxiety at home, thus not being able to move on to the next stage. Freud believed that if a child didn’t progress through these set stages, then it would cause problems later on in life. He also believed that a child could stay fixed at a stage and this again would cause problems. This links into children’s development because this perspective believes that children are influenced by the world and what they see and what they do. The last psychological perspective is the developmental perspective. This perspective looks at the behaviour of a child and sees if they are meeting the requirements for their age and stage of development. A key theorist that links into this is Piaget and his four stages of cognitive development. This links into child development by seeing if children are meeting the development requirements for their age. An example of this at my placement is a behaviour specialist works closely with the school. She takes account of each child’s needs and see if they are meeting the requirements for their age and stage of development and if there is any issues. And if there are any issues, what can then be done to help the child to meet their targets. Theories have informed practice in early years settings majorly. A lot of theories are using the theories in practice every day. Each theory can be placed into a different category of development. B.F Skinner’s theory is that children use cognitive behaviour when given verbal communication. A key element in his theory is through trial and error. They will keep on trying until they succeed. A way a child learns this is through observing other adults and copy and repeats what they have heard or see. An example of this in placement would be was when I was sitting at the table with the children during dinner time. During this time two children were playing around with their food and they throwing it. I showed them that we eat this type of food with our hands. I then then ate some to show them that it tastes nice and they shouldn’t be afraid to eat with their hands. This then resulted in two children copying me and eating their dinner with their hands. One way to achieve this is by speaking clearly and getting down to their level and using eye contact. Another example of this in placement would be when a child was hitting another child. I got to the child’s lev el/ and used eye contact. I also used their name and said what that their behaviour was wrong and that we use ‘kind hands’ here and that their behaviour had made the child sad. I also said that you need to give the child a cuddle and say sorry. B.F Skinner also links into another theory of behavioural management. His This theory is that child should have a consistent behavioural management system. At my placement we respect that parents may have a different technique to the ones we use at placement, we take on board their wishes and use their technique to remain consistency so the child does not get confused about the consequences of their behaviour. There are many behavioural techniques to help manage behaviour, these are reward charts, child empowerment, inclusion games and assertive discipline. Vygotsky’s theory is linked to intellectual development. His theory is that children learn new skills with the help of adult intervention. His theory also supports that a child should be supported doing a new activity or during a new learning experience. I and the staff support this theory by assisting the children with new tasks and scaffolding their learning. This means giving them the resources they need to fulfil or complete the task and letting them find a way of completing the task, without showing them. We also give verbal praise when a child shows good social interaction skills with other children. John Bowbly is the theorist that is linked to emotional development. He links into the biological perspective. His theory focuses on that importance of early relationships a child has with their main caregiver. Bowbly believed children who had a positive attachment with their caregiver have more of higher self-esteem and children who have negative attachment their caregiver have a lower self-esteem. At my placement we support this by slowly introducing and easing a child into a setting. We had a new child recently who started. We believed it would be for the best if we slowly eased the child into the setting. This helps the child to ease into the setting, make themselves feel comfortable and familiar with the setting. This also helps prevent separation anxiety with the child and their main caregiver. References Foster, S., Green, S and Kellas, S. (2008) BTEC National Children’s Care, Learning and Development , Nelson Thornes, Nelson Thornes – 15/11/14 Squire, G., 2007. BTEC National Children’s Care, Learning and Development Student Book, United Kingdom: Heinemann 15/11/14 Image http://fateslayer99.hubpages.com/hub/Understanding-Psychological-Perspectives-and-the-Motives-Behind-Our-Actions Last Accessed on 15/11/14 at 18:12 1 Tejal Thanki