Misrepresentation of african american women Essay

African American women have historically been viewed as hyper-sexual creatures, due to unique anatomical features not often seen in other races. This hyper-sexualized view of Black women dates back as early as the days of slavery when European imperialists traveled to Africa and were excessively intrigued by (and abashedly attracted to) the women in the tribes. Europeans were in awe of the physique of African women, comparable to none, as well as their dancing and traditional garments. Europeans unfamiliarity with a body type that is not unusual amongst African women resulted in a projection of hyper-sexuality onto Black women that did not truly exist and has been hard for Black women around the world to rid themselves of. Saartjie [Sara] Baartman, also known as the â€Å"Hottentot Venus,† became the blueprint for degrading and humiliating the Black woman on a worldwide level. Saartjie Baartman was a South African born woman who was enslaved by a Dutch farmer near the city of Cape Town. Her master was approached by traveling Europeans to travel to Europe to have her body examined and put on display. In 1810, Saartjie’s master informed her that she would be free and assume fortune and fame in order to persuade her to leave his plantation for the sideshow act she would unknowingly become in. It was this promise that led to Saartjie’s willingness to travel to Europe. Saartjie traveled to England and upon her arrival, she was placed on public display, often times in a cage, so her large buttocks and breast could be observed by hundreds of curious Englishman. These invasive spectators were recorded as laughing at her, calling her names, and throwing items at her. Saartjie’s body was so spectacular and strange to Europeans that medical students were able to use her for scientific research. She was again sold from England to a French circus to dance in the nude as entertainment and was one the main attractions. Saartjie never enjoyed the freedom she was promised and turned to alcohol to cope with her humiliation and entered prostitution to support her when she was no longer necessary as a side show attraction. She died in 1815, only five years after her arrival to Europe. Saartjie’s humiliation did not end with her death. She died of unidentified disease in France and her body was turned over to a museum. Her brain, vagina, and her skeleton were removed from her body, preserved and put on display. Her frameless body was then preserved in such a way that she stood erect as well. Her body was eventually buried in France but the parts removed from her body remained on display in a French museum until 1974. The displays were removed that year and replaced with casts of Saartjie’s confiscated body parts. Saartjie Baartman’s humiliating enslavement marks the beginning of the Black woman’s degradation. She could be considered the first â€Å"video-vixen model. † However, culture has changed such that women willingly dance erotically while scantily clad or totally nude, whereas Saartjie was forced. This willingness has transformed the way the Black woman is viewed and the way the Black woman views herself. The manner in which Saartjie Baartman was treated is indicative of European attitudes about Black women and African standards of beauty. Saartjie was renowned for her physique, which Europeans responded to Saartjie as an object with disgust, intrigue, sexual attraction, and condescension. The removal of her organs indicates a perverse obsession with the body of the African woman. This attitude about the Black woman’s body has persisted, taking on new faces as culture changes and pop culture emerged. Media images of Black women have long been degrading, unflattering, and/or extreme. Black women have specific functional roles in the media: typically and most often as Jezebel, Mammie, and the welfare mom. The Jezebel stereotype of the hyper-sexual, manipulative Black woman is more prevalent and more widely seen in the media from television, movies, magazines, and music videos. It is the Jezebel who is the African American woman who is not ashamed to take off her clothes in exchange for things she may need. The music industry especially popularizes strippers and video models as an acceptable and desirable occupation for a Black woman. Not only do majority of hip-hop lyrics degrade women to the lowest level that a woman can be degraded, but the music videos take special care to degrade the black woman even more. Rap music videos depict a false image of what a real woman looks like in reality: â€Å"music videos have gotten so raunchy they might as well be pornography, presenting a hyper-sexual depiction of women that distorts and demeans the image of black women in particular. Even in the tamer videos, women might as well be prostitutes. They are objects, part of the bling-bling, like the platinum chains and diamonds sported by rappers† (Daily Review 7/4/04). It is just in this way that Saartjie Baartman was displayed and responded to and it is in the way Black women have been consistently considered: as objects of sexual exploitation. Hip hop music has become explosively popular in the US and much of the rest of the world in the last twenty years. Hip hop music influences larger society in powerful ways and has become a subculture that has transcended race, socioeconomics, and gender. Its popularity and ability to transcend across many social lines that are usually impenetrable is the biggest threat to the perception of Black women by others and by themselves. When leaders like President Barack Obama and other prominent politicians reference lines from popular rap songs, they are often received with admiration and excitement by the media and larger public. Such a response from a pop culture reference reveals hip hop music’s ability to influence culture on a magnanimous level. Hip hop music is an industry run by men, with overwhelmingly male artists who provide entertainment for other men. In this understanding of the industry, the images of women presented through this massively popular music are exclusively chosen by men. Additionally, hip hop music tends to sell a lifestyle and not just a song or beats. As was previously discussed in the quote from Daily Review, expensive material things and several beautiful and naked women are things to achieve and obtain. An object is for use of some kind and the hip hop music industry has single handedly crystallized the developing notion that women in general are objects for sexual pleasure exclusively. This idea is particularly harmful for Black women and girls in the face of a media that has very few other images of Black women. White women are of course objectified and hyper-sexualized in the same manner, but the damage of such objectification is buffered by other images of a range of professional White women, heroines in film and television, prominent White actresses, politicians, businesswomen, journalists, etc â€Å"Historically, white women, as a category, were portrayed as models of self-respect, self-control, and modesty – even sexual purity, but black women were often portrayed as innately promiscuous, even predatory. This depiction of black women is signified by the name Jezebel† (Pilgram, 2002). Black women and girls have very few other images to measure themselves against or look to for motivation or encouragement. These pervasive images of the Black woman as a promiscuous and manipulative Jezebel juxtaposed with the lack of other, more positive images, is extremely damaging to the Black woman’s self-esteem. These images also inform others of how to perceive and ultimately treat Black women, which is further corrosive to the Black woman’s self-esteem. As if the power that images tend to have on the human psyche were not enough, hip hop music also incorporates lyrics that correspond to the tone of disrespect for Black women. Negative epithets that refer to a woman’s sexual and social behavior like â€Å"ho† and â€Å"bitch† are common, frequent, and acceptable in hip hop lyrics and serve to further denigrate Black women. Often, rappers and fans alike make excuses for the disturbing images and lyrics featured in songs and videos, expressing that the women featured in the videos are working of their own volition and are not being objectified. While the women of these videos are participating of their own volition, the degrading lyrics and the degrading images are not negated just because the women are choosing to participate. The message being sent is still clear and ubiquitous: Black women are objects of sexual gratification that do not have to be spoken to or spoken of as human beings. Viewers are influenced by these images and lyrics and are encouraged to develop erroneous ideas about and monolithic perception of Black women. Additionally, because other, more positive images of Black women are missing in the media, viewers are left with little real information about the Black woman’s experience, life, and character. Hip hop music has also set the standard of presentation for female rappers as well. Female rappers who have debuted in the last 20 years invoke the power the same sexual images and presentations as the male rappers do. More recent female rap artists like Nikki Minaj have amplified the hyper-sexual stereotype about Black women with her sexually charged lyrics, provocative style of dress, and various implants to enlarge her breasts and buttocks, looking not unlike Saartjie Baartman and the many beautiful women of Africa. Artists who pre-date Nikki Minaj, like Lil’ Kim and Foxy Brown, debuted in a similar fashion, using their sexuality through lyrics and risque media poses in which they were almost always scantily clad, to propel their careers. These female rappers only serve to further push the music industry’s agenda to denigrate women, Black women in particular, by buying into and proudly displaying the very stereotypical behaviors that function to keep hyper-sexualized images of Black women in the minds of viewers. Female rappers serve the same purpose as those women dancing in hip hop videos: to push the sexual agenda of a sexist music industry. However, the message delivered through female rappers is pronounced solely due to the fact that the artist is a female who is promoting a hegemonic patriarchal message. The sexual nature of hip hop in general is made more acceptable if the objects of sexual exploitation, women, also become hip hop stars. Lastly, the current female hip hop stars are adopting images of beauty from childhood icons such as Barbie, as is the case with Nikki Minaj. The adaptation of Barbie for the purpose of hip hop is a clear indication that there is an agenda to capture all viewers’ minds to believe the images they are presented with about Black women. The most effectual approach to challenging the erroneous and negative images of Black women in the media is for those who are aware and knowledgeable to expose the falsehoods of the pervasive stereotypes and ideas about Black women. Bibliography Frith, Susan. â€Å"Searching for Sara Baartman. † Johns Hopkins Magazine, June 2009. http://www. jhu. edu/jhumag/0609web/sara. html (accessed April 20, 2013). â€Å"The Hottentot Venus. † Accessed April 22, 2013. http://whgbetc. com/mind/hottentot_venus_emory. html. Payton, Brenda. â€Å"Sorority Sisters Combat Explotiative Rap Images. † Daily Review (Hayward, CA). 4 July 2004. Pilgrim , David. â€Å"Jezebel. † Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. . http://www. ferris. edu/jimcrow/jezebel. htm (accessed April 23, 2013). Clemlyn-Ann , Pollydore, and Jennifer A. Richeson. â€Å"Affective Reactions of African-American Students to Stereotypical and Counterstereotypical Images of Blacks in the Media.. † Journal of Black Psychology. no. 3 (2002): 261-275. Simmonds, Felly Nkweto. â€Å"’She’s Gotta Have It’: The Representation of Black Female Sexuality on Film. † Feminist Review. (1988): 10-22. http://www. jstor. org/discover/10. 2307/1395143? uid=3739936&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102132644181 (accessed April 22, 2013).

Five Ways to Kill a Man

In this very blunt poem, Edwin Brock describes five distinct eras in which death had taken place. It is also hinted how man has evolved in their methods to kill themselves. Each stanza represents a different time and place. This is ranged from the biblical era to the mid-twentieth century. Different phrases within the stanzas give away which era Brock is referring to. All of which have different meanings and a very unemotional tone to them. â€Å"And one man to hammer the nails home. † The first stanza features the phrase above.It refers to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, when nailing a person to wood using nails to hold the victim was capital punishment. The people are assumed to be Roman, since this form of capital punishment was only practiced by this group in ancient times. The line in which â€Å"a crowd of people wearing sandals† reinforces the idea of the people being Roman. Brock suggests that in order to do something as gruesome as killing a person, all one wo uld need was a person, some wood, as well as nails.Things become more a tad more complicated in the â€Å"war or the roses†, or the European Middle Ages when weapons come into play. â€Å"A length of steel, shaped and chased in a traditional way† applies to swords or really any type of weapon that could be used â€Å"†¦to pierce the metal cage he wears†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or armor. Brock illustrates how wars were fought for honor. â€Å"At least two flags†, is referring to two different armies, or royalties that fight against each other so that one can gain glory and celebrate their victory by having a banquet. Gas warfare in the First World War is described in the third stanza.In this time, men would blow mustard-gas, or chlorine gas, at their enemy when the wind would be blowing in the right direction. In this time, â€Å"mud ditches† were also introduced, allowing for soldiers to hide from their enemies as well as attack without being in full view. â⠂¬Å"Round hats made of steel† describes the helmets that soldiers would wear for protection. In the forth stanza, the â€Å"age of aeroplanes† describes being to dispose of the enemy by only â€Å"pressing one small switch†. This means killing by bombing, as what was done in world war two. Since bombing was practiced by he Germans, the Japanese, as well as the Americans, no one can be too sure which nation Brock is referring to, if any specifically. However, since the line â€Å"an ocean to separate you, two systems of government, a nation’s scientists, several factories† it is implied that it is referring to the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. This is because both nations used every scientist possible as well as every factory in order to find new ways to destroy one another. â€Å"A psychopath†, is mentioned in regards to Hitler. The last stanza is even broader than the last.Purposely making it to where the reader’s own op inions can take form and assume their own reasonable explanations. â€Å"Simpler, direct, and much more neat is to se he is living somewhere in the middle of the twentieth century, and leave him there. † In my own interpretation of this line, I think Brock was trying to say to us that it’s so much easier to kill a man in this day and age than it was in biblical times or the Middle Ages. Man has evolved so much in their attempt to perfect their way of killing, that all one would have to do is leave a man in this day and age and death would be able to find him.

Philippine Racism Essay

In a famous trial in Manila about Neil Puache, convicted of rape, exclaimed: â€Å"You’re all racists and you don’t even know it!† This topic may be quite controversial but I have enough evidences to back up my opinions. Racism refers to any theory or doctrine stating that inherited physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features, hair texture, and the like determine behavior patterns, personality traits and intellectual abilities. They do not know that, according to the values’ standards, that the actions of man define what values they have instead of how they look because through these values, one can know that a person is acting in a proper or improper way. In practice, racism takes the form of a claim that some human races are superior to others. Did you know that the term â€Å"Mangyan†, the name of the indigenous peoples in Mindoro comes from the Tagalog phrase: â€Å"mangmang iyan† meaning â€Å"that person is stupid†? Why would people who have been oppressed by whites want to act like them? Because the oppression was effective in instilling the belief that whites are better than Filipinos. Instead of responding to this in an aggressive mood, Filipinos took the belief as something true. That’s why Filipinos are really conscious about their skin color. How about this: did you know that our country is the world’s capital of whitening products? Yes, it’s a fact. Filipinos seem to think that with lighter skin, one can climb the social ladder. Haven’t you noticed that Filipinos respond to sunlight the same way Clark Kent does to kryptonite? And this: did you know that only two dark-skinned Filipinas managed to get the title of Binibining Pilipinas Universe? This is another visible practice of racism in the Philippines. It might be coincidental if there were ten or fifteen candidates but two out of forty-one is just unacceptable. It isn’t only amongst us that Filipinos have shown preference of a certain race. Did you know that people with Chinese blood were often discriminated in the Philippines because of the way they look? Only because of the current  norms of what people perceive to be beautiful are Chinese people thought of as better than us. They make their Chinese blood a feature of their humanity. This is why â€Å"Tsinoys† are more frequently seen on T.V. than Filipinos with the traditional Filipino beauty. Historians claim that this fever started the same time colonial mentality seeped into our veins and pointed out that it was widespread by 1572. The colonizers start with the assumption that their ways are inherently superior to those of the colonized. Racist men were put into positions of power where they were expected to promote, first and foremost, the economic and fashion interests of the country’s elite. In the name of God, civilization progress and development, the colonizers justified the most barbaric acts they inflicted on the colonized. The brainwashing committed by the colonizers was meant to tell the imposed that their culture is way behind civilization. They did not know that the acts also made the Filipinos think that lighter skin meant more superior beings. Particularly when face-to-face with a person in authority, Filipinos have the tendency to be submissive. They have an obsessive desire to please, serve and accept the opinion of a person in authority. Rather than asserting their rights, they prefer to suffer in silence for fear of offending another person or being thought of as uncooperative or dumb. The Filipinos have practiced pakikisama but this value turned out to be a non-assertive mentality that started the whole disease. This is the kind of mindset and barbarism that shaped the history of the Filipinos. We must also talk about the ancestral influence. If parents cut corners, their children will too. If parents spend all their money on themselves and tithe no portion of it for charities, colleges, churches, synagogues and civic causes, their children won’t either. The same way, if parents snicker at racial and gender jokes, a new generation will pass on the poison adults still have not had the courage to snuff out. According to Rogdiger in his article from rubak.com, â€Å"a typical Filipino parent would say that being white is good because it shows superiority (the  female parent is likely to suggest this, most males tend to be contented with their own race) because only a small percent of Filipinos is lucky enough to have this gift†. The truth is, to think so is being as racist as the people who enslaved them and told them that they were inferior. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. Filipinos are so caught up in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. The parents sent the word and strength of racism to many generations in the future and it will never stop until Filipinos accept that they are racists. In the past, racism was easily defined and institutional. The colonizers have been successful in promoting their race to a higher level but they, surely enough, didn’t expect the Philippines to be a racist society in the future. The refusal to accept this sickness has allowed it to transform into new forms. Racism has evolved from an aggressive prejudicial behavior to a more subtle one. This type of subtle prejudicial behavior has advanced to a degree that is much more difficult to se, yet is regarded as more severe. This modern form of racism has entered the workplace. Filipinos are so caught up with trying to be an independent race, yet they would prefer to be a part of a different race. A foreigner came back from the Philippines and said: â€Å"All I saw was a lot of racists!† More that a quarter of the females in the Philippines have died their hair blonde, with an effort to be â€Å"more cool† or â€Å"more foreign† only to have most turn out an ugly orangy-color. These women also wear too much makeup to lighten their skin. We must also discredit the title of â€Å"the bearers of racism† to our ancestors, colonizers and the society. The media also has a lot to do with this. Most of the people who accepted the title of being â€Å"ugly† in showbiz entertainment are people with dark skin. The victims of racism have suffered from direct or indirect forms of racial discrimination. Direct forms include being laughed at; indirect forms include the â€Å"glass ceiling effect, a modern type of racism which describes the invisible differences in other Filipino’s views. This type of thinking may very well be the cause of a victim’s mental and psychological damage. It  has also affected the victim’s social health and yes, also his/her spiritual health. So it’s your choice. You can either be a lazy fool, influenced by the society’s wrong perspective or you can park the car, stand on hard ground and take a look at the real Philippine Islands.

The Nature of Beauty in Contemporary Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Nature of Beauty in Contemporary Art - Essay Example The essay "The Nature of Beauty in Contemporary Art" explores Contemporary Art's Nature of Beauty. Many artists have realized that there are problems in the world and have been working to try to change their role. This shift in the production of art to something that is more commentary and call to action is forcing the viewing public to change the way they think about art as well as the form in which the art is expressed. â€Å"Vision is not defined by the disembodied eye, as we have been trained to believe. Vision is a social practice that is rooted in the whole of being†. In describing this break, Gablick describes a project conducted by a friend on the Rio Grande River in which the journal of the friend documents the emergence of the river itself as artist and the relationship it develops with the friend as art. Rather than simply an ecological clean-up effort, Gablick argues that Dominique Mazeaud’s project was artwork because of the way it was serving to bring out the beauty of the river as it was being cleaned up and as a realization of nature as a living, breathing thing with which one could have a relationship. In discussing this project, Gablick argues against critics who claim art as social commentary reduces its aesthetic value by arguing that such art works to create a more beautiful world and to heal the soulless attitudes held toward the physical world. Gablick concludes her article with transcriptions of dialogue she had with other artists. Thomas Moore indicates that art is the most important.

Why Were Gangster Films So Popular in the 1930s Essay

Why Were Gangster Films So Popular in the 1930s - Essay Example In this regard, people look for ways to spend their time productively and at times, spend time in a leisurely fashion. This latter proclivity is to have some form of entertainment to while away the hours and pass the time so as not to get bored. There are a myriad ways to get entertained such as the travelling shows, circuses and clowns of olden times to the modern video films. A good part of modern entertainment was the rise of Hollywood which cranked out a fair good number of films each year and distributed worldwide for a global audience. There are quite a number of regional film centres as well, such as the copycats of Bollywood, Arabic films of the Middle East, Asian films (Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Thai, etc.) and European films too. These films tackle a wide variety of subjects and topics, almost anything under the sun, only subject to some restraints concerning what is decent and of good morals. Pornography was in the early years of the film industry not that prevalent yet, due to the social mores back then. It is quite different today, where various media are freely accessible, such as Internet and DVD. What is decent and acceptable in films can vary within societies over time as values changed. This is why the popularity of certain film genres wax and wane over time, too. Some of the more popular film genres are action, drama, comedy, horror, adventure, epic and others like musicals, science fiction, war, Westerns, and crime and gangster. This last genre is sometimes of particular interest to movie goers and censors alike because they can portray the real-life stories of criminals and gangsters. This particular genre can be realistic enough when trying to show how criminals lived, do their trade and what they do with their loot. Portrayals can be too realistic for comfort when violence is shown on screen. Gangster films enjoyed its own period of popularity like other film trends in which audiences express their preferences. This paper examines why ga ngster films became so popular and the backlash that resulted in which the film industry adopted guidelines for film makers to abide by, its own code. Discussion The film industry was born when photography was invented and the film makers were able to project their pictures on the wide screen. The earlier films were silent films as it did not have any sound in them. The sound came later on when the phonograph was invented; prior to that, the dialogue was shown on the bottom portion of the film clips as text in which the film goers read what was written in order to make sense of the film's story. The film industry provided a welcome respite from the drabness of ordinary lives of ordinary people. It provided a cheap form of entertainment by which the audience can re-live their fantasies. The early films that were made were not overly realistic in their portrayals of life. Rather, the new film industry enticed audiences by glorying certain aspects and magnifying their expectations. Fil ms were the new forms of escapism and quite cheap to view them, often with proven story lines that were hackneyed and repeated several times over but people welcomed this new medium. But later on, major studios had to contend with the rise of independents (Nowell, 2011:30). Film genres can evolve into several sub-genres as the film industry developed in response to audience preferences. Horror films, for example, have the sub-genres of serial killers, slasher films, teen terror, satanic, science-related like Frankenstein or Dracula, torture and sadism. Its main appeal was to frighten an audience by preying on a person's worst hidden fears. It is the same with crime and gangster films in which the storyline revolves

Parsuasive speach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Parsuasive speach - Essay Example Scientists point to the fact that the soil on organic farms is much healthier than on farms using chemical fertilizers. Healthy soil is rich in nutrients that can be taken up and stored by the fruits and vegetables. We gain these nutrients when we consume the organic food. Another reason organically raised fruits and vegetables are superior to others is the lack of environmental damage they cause. Organic food is raised in a manner that prevents herbicides, pesticides and chemical fertilizers from polluting the soil and water. When powerful insecticides such as DDT enter the ecosystem, they can do tremendous harm to animals. Farm workers have died from handling strong herbicides incorrectly. And just think, we are eating these chemicals on our food! Organic food is better for the environment in all of these ways. Finally, organic and sustainable agriculture does not take more from the earth and the earth can naturally produce. Non-sustainable agriculture uses many gallons of furl to produce a single bushel of wheat, corn or rice. Using heavy machines is unsustainable because eventually our petroleum reserves will be used up. Growing food in a sustainable ensures that our food supply will be safe for many generations to come. We will not need to depend on oil or oil producing nations in order to feed ourselves. In conclusion, I believe you will agree with me when I say that organic fruits and vegetables are superior to others in many ways. By eating them you are eating a more nutritious, sustainable and environmentally friendly

Individual 4 international financial market Essay

Individual 4 international financial market - Essay Example Mean is often used to determine the expected future returns of mutual funds since it is the best estimate that can be used from the past data. Resources such as NASDAQ stock prices or Yahoo finance are used to provide to help project the future returns of securities. As long as any positive trend or negative trend is noted and taken into consideration, the use of historical data is therefore appropriate in predicting future mutual fund performance. We can also use the mean to project the future and also deliver the obligatory caveat that past returns are not necessarily indicative of future returns. Discussion The mean return is used to analyse the current market performance of the business and to make future projection. The expected mean is sometimes appropriate best estimate available of future returns, where the actual return is likely to be equal to the expected return. Due to this reason investors would prefer to have an idea of how precise their estimates might be. To assist in quantifying the managers and investors estimates, standard deviation and variance are always preferred to be used. Standard deviation is the measure of variability which is also used as the standard measure of the total risk of individual assets and portfolio assets. It measures how far from the expected return the actual return might be. The two companies discussed has the same positive return but their level of risk as measured by the variance cannot be seen to be the same. ConocoPhillips (COP) It is a multinational energy corporation with its headquarters located in Texas in the United States. The company is viewed as one of the largest independent pure play exploration and production and it is also one of the big fortune 500 companies. The company was founded in 1875 as the continental oil and Transportation Company. The company have gone through different stages to reach this far. It is considered the top performing company financially in the NASDAQ financial market. Most of f inancial analysts use standard deviation when working with historical returns since they are deemed to be samples unless 100% of the data points are used in the calculation. The company recorded a negative average mean of -5.64%. Even though the company is the best performing in the current stock market its long term financial plan has failed and they have recorded a loss. On the other hand the company strategy for the upcoming trade is more profitable as shown by their projected return shown by the standard deviation measurement that have indicated a positive percentage of 4.41%. The variance of the company stock also shows a positive percentage of 19.46%, therefore showing that the company obligation to meet long term goals is positive. Dr. Reddy's Laboratories This is an international pharmaceutical company that is based in Hyderaband, Andhra Pradesh in India. The company was found by Dr Anji Reddy who had been working in a publicly owned Indian drugs pharmaceutical limited. The company manufactures and markets a wide range of pharmaceuticals in India and overseas, with over 90 different types of medication and 60 active pharmaceutical ingredients, for drug manufacture, diagnostic kits, critical care, and biotechnology products. The historical performance of the company has indicated a good financial market. The result of the return from the past 10 month’

Politic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Politic - Essay Example With globalization, the roles of the states are affected economically, technologically, socially, and politically as they govern their people. Due to such political arrangements, similar jurisdictions have emerged that are influencing political and economic decisions of the independent states. A pattern is thus emerging whereby states are making political progression and regression together, causing states to become developmental (Lake, 2006). The roles of states have changed in the face of globalization since some of them have high independence on others due to their economic power and influence on international decisions. United States is one of the countries in the world who is known to exercise authority over other states by influencing the manner in which they make decisions (Lake, 2006). Since the World War II, most of the western states like Britain and France started working closely with the United States leading to a more dependent scenario. Currently, most countries in Europe formed the European Union that facilitated their dependence on each other in decision-making purposes. The European Union is also known to work closely with the united states thus further fostering high dependence between the states thus in turn erodes their sovereignty. Britain together with other European countries now highly looks at the United States as an authoritative power to lean on. United States acts as the global power that other states depended on due to their increased capacity, will, and international acceptance to provide leadership. Due to globalization, many decisions of sovereign states are based on judgments of their allies, friends, and even enemies (Elmawazin, Sherif & Manga, 2013). In technological perspective, globalization has allowed barriers between states to be broken through technological globalization. The states role has changed due to the formation of an

Choose any topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Choose any topic - Essay Example The Athenians had strong perceptions and assumptions of the status quo. Aristophanes in the play, therefore, means that there was need for change of the status quo. The sophists acted and talked in a manner that made others feel rejected and of little knowledge about philosophy. It is in this respect that Aristophanes details this as the main point through the whole play. Interestingly, he does this through satire and a little bit of comedy. This paper seeks to review the play by mentioning how the main them is projected and how Aristophanes developed a different type of play from his fellow classical writers. In the play, Aristophanes introduces the topic of a new type of education from the old style procedures. He criticizes the already existing reforms in the traditional sophist way of life. The play therefore presents itself as a satirical comedy that analyzes the philosophies and ideas of the sophists in a funny way. Aristophanes describes Socrates as the leading figure in this existing sophist movement. Socrates is known to have taken after Plato in his teachings. Although this play was surely for comedy purposes, it gives a clear critique of Socrates accounts as a synchronization of Plato’s work. The play, however, cannot be used a historical account of understanding Socrates and Plato’s work on philosophy. The play also gives Socrates a different title as the corrupter of the youths among the Athenians. In the play, Aristophanes details a life of a father and son who recently accrued too much date due to the son’s obsession with a new hobby of horseracing. Aristophanes discusses the unjust argument as a trick taught in school by the sophists. The son studies in a school, which Aristophanes describes it as â€Å"thinkery† (Aristophanes & Peter 62). In literary discussion, Aristophanes uses a style of persuasion that leads a reader into a different perspective even though there might be strong morals

Classroom Managment Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Classroom Managment - Annotated Bibliography Example questionnaires, was used for the study that reported application of strategies such as physical classroom arrangement, audio equipment, rules, and schedules as strategies. Application of the strategies however differed between public and private schools and yielded different effects. The study is relevant to current topic and its method that suggests reliability and validity is its strength. Potential bias from research participants’ responses is however the greatest weakness and is a threat to the associated strength with the applied research method. Briesch, A., Briesch, J., and Chafouleas, S. (2015). Investigating the usability of classroom management strategies among elementary schoolteachers. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 17(1), 5-14. The results identified the participants’ ability to use the strategies, suggest application in class set-ups, is valid, and is relevant to the current study. Validity and reliability, based on the applied quantitative approach are the study’s strengths but using participants to measure outcomes is a weakness. Coles, E., Owens, J., Serrano, V., Slavee, J. and Evans, S. (2015). From consultation to student outcomes: The role of teacher knowledge, skills, and beliefs in increasing integrity in classroom management strategies. School Mental Health 7(1), 34-48. Using case study, results show relationship between the variables and therefore identify possible mediator factor to effectiveness of classroom management strategies. Ability of a case study to develop in-depth understanding of a phenomenon is the study’s strength while inability to infer findings, due to the subjective approach is a weakness of the study. Garner, P., Moses, L., and Waajid, B. (2013). Prospective teachers’ awareness and expression of emotions: Associations with proposed strategies for behavioral management in the classroom. Psychology in the Schools 50(5), 471-488. The researchers aimed at investigating relationship between

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Example for Free

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Today the topic of discussion will focus on the famous Sigmund Freud and his viewpoints on developmental psychology. This discussion seeks to answer four questions about Sigmund Freud’s life. The first topic is Sigmund Fraud’s influences and environment in psychological development. Second the discussion seeks to reveal Sigmund Freud’s view of family issues or support systems that influenced Freud’s developmental growth and adjustment. Third the discussion seeks to explain two different theories of personality. The discussion seeks to explain how each theory differs in terms of the explanation of Freud’s unique pattern and traits. The fourth and final topic of discussion seeks to explain the theatrical approach that explains both Freud’s behaviors and achievements. The reason this paper chose to write about famous Sigmund Freud explained. Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 and died in 1940. Freud studied the personality of humans. Freud describes three major systems of the human personality. Sigmund Freud’s structural model is as follows: 1. the id holds the human sexual and aggression energy driven by impulses and characterized by a human’s primary thinking (Kowalski Westen, 2011). 2. The superego explains a human’s conscience and a major source of ideas established through a person’s identity (Kowalski Westen, 2011). 3. The ego describes a person’s desires, morality, and desires (Kowalski Westen, 2011). Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual development suggest in the first five years the human personality begins. Zero to one is the oral stage of development. Children f rom zero to one gain the most gratification from sucking than from biting and chewing food and sometimes other objects. In stage one through three describes the anal stage. During the anal stage children seem to gain gratification from defecation through the anus. The conflict begins when children begin potty training. Some children hold back feces causing him or her to become constipated. Generalized by some children’s behavior and the way he or she does, for example, cleanliness, stinginess, or stubbornness. On the other hand some children may have accidents in his or her pants. This may relate to expulsive personality, for example, disorderly conduct, messiness, and throwing fits. The final stage of three to five referred to as the phallic stage (Maitland, 2011). In this stage the genital area becomes a sense of pleasure. This causes the superego to begin and guards against incest and aggression. Children also can feel a sense of inferiority in this stage. Freud suggests mental disorders may come from an individual’s history and not just an individual’s physical impairments. Freud developed a new way to analyze human behavior. Freud’s view explained mental energy comes from the body. Freud believed all humans can only obtain a limited amount of mental energy. Freud believed human behavior was from causation. Freud also believed tension-reduction consist of a human goal for behavior. Freud claims humans consist of two human impulses for example, sexual impulses, and libido. Sexual impulses consist of life affirming impulses. Libido consists of energy source impulses. Needs consist of basic life impulse, aggression consists of death encouraging impulses, and aggressive impulses consist of an energy source for aggressive impulses. When a human impulse grows the more likelihood the human will react on impulses to reduce the need he or she feels to do so. Life affirming libido consists of activities, people objects, or goals. Cathexis consists of the process of investing libidinal energy. When an individual uses excessive cathexis this may lead to neurosis, however, neurosis is treatable. Treatment for neurosis often referred to catharsis or in other words a talking therapy. Sigmund Freud believed mental processes were unconscious. Sigmund Freud believed the conscious contains an individual’s specific information that a person’s paying attention at any given time. Freud believed the preconscious contains information or clues most individuals do not pay attention to unless recalled by a specific situation. Sigmund Freud believed the unconscious contains an individual’s desires, feelings, and thoughts held without an individual’s knowledge. However, these desires, feelings, and thoughts affect an individual’s everyday life. Freud believed the information in an individual’s unconscious emerges by ac cident, such as joke telling, dreams, symptoms of illness, and the associations between individual’s ideas. Sometimes the anger in a person’s unconscious comes out by mistake Understanding Psychology (nd). Another theory of Sigmund Freud contains the three components of personality, for example, id, superego and ego. Freud claimed the three components appear always in conflict with each other, according Freud the conflicts usually appear sexual or aggressive and most violate the societal rules. From a personal standpoint Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalyst theory the way an individual’s personality develops during ages zero to five. However, from a personal standpoint an individual’s personality develops throughout his or her life. For example children’s development goes through the age of 18. Some children take longer to develop than others. Even in adulthood an individual’s experiences and environment may change a person’s personality. Many individual live and are raised in bad environment’s that would affect his or her personality. On the other hand many people are also raised in a good environment that also affects his or her personality i n a positive and occasionally negative manner. In both scenarios an individual’s actions and behavior may affect his or her personalities throughout life. This paper was chosen on Sigmund Freud because he was a very intriguing and an expert in psychological research. In conclusion, this paper revealed the famous research in psychological research by Sigmund Freud. The paper revealed the three components of personality, according to Sigmund Freud. The three components of personality according to Sigmund Freud are id, superego, and ego. Sigmund Freud suggests that most human behavior develops during the age of zero to five. This paper revealed the Sigmund Freud’s view human personality and the unconscious mind of a human. Freud also suggests that many disorders may come from an individual’s history and not just an individual’s physical impairments. Freud suggests most disorders deal with sexual disorders or an individual’s aggressive behavior. Freud also suggests humans act on his or her impulses. Some people may act on bad impulses that may lead to terrible outcomes and consequences for his or her actions. Sigmund Freud was greatly scrutinized for his psychological research. Sigmund Freud was chosen for this paper because his research was very intriguing research in human personality and human behavior. Reference: Kowalski, R., and Westen, D. (2011). Psychology (6th ed.).Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Col Maitland, L., L. (2011). Personality Theories and Approaches for AP Psychology Retrieved from http://www. education.com Understanding Psychology (nd). Chapter 14 Theories of Personality Retrieved from http://www.glencoe.com

SIA Airlines Essay Example for Free

SIA Airlines Essay QUESTION:The industry analysis is necessary in the strategic marketing planning in order to identify the opportunities and threats in the competitive environment. Choose the airlines as an industry to apply the Michael Porters five forces model and discuss how one established airline like SIA should respond to the competitive environment, after analyzing the industry. SIA is internationally recognised as one of the worlds leading carriers. The company had recognised that in this highly competitive market, any advantage gained by one airline over others will be short-lived, and ideas that are new will become commonplace in a matter of months. As such, SIA noted the importance of having to always stay at the forefront both in service and technology. This strategy of SIA focuses primarily not on reducing costs, but on enhancing quality or service and preventing any customer problem from arising. SIA has succeeded most uniquely with this type of strategy in the airline industry, a strategy commonly employed in service businesses that command premium prices with high margins, businesses in which there are a high degree of repeat business, with word-of-mouth praise by customers as one of the most important marketing channel. Internally, three cost items account for half of SIAs operating cost: fuel, aircraft depreciation and wages. There is little that can be done with respect to fuel cost except for judicious hedging. As for aircraft cost, SIA is universally acknowledged as being second to none in securing the best prices and purchase terms from aircraft and engine manufacturers. That leaves wages. The airlines fixed wages amount to less than $800 million a year, roughly one tenth of total operating expenditure, a modest proportion indeed. Variable wages comprise the rest, consisting mainly of profit-based bonuses and crew allowances based on actual hours of flying by pilots and cabin attendants. The recent wage cuts were a result not of lavish recruitment or over-indulgent pay rises in the past, but of the cumulative damage wrought by terrorism, war and SARS, and the need to stay competitive as other carriers undergo major restructuring of their cost structures. Externally, the industry analysis has a direct effect on a companys strategic competitiveness and above-average returns. While companies, in this case, our very own SIA, cannot directly control the elements of the general environment, it can influence and will be influenced by factors in the airline industry and competitor environments. The intensity of competition in the airline industry and its profit potential are a function of Michael Porters five forces model of competition: the treats posed by new entrants, the power of suppliers, the power of buyers, product substitutes, and the intensity of rivalry among competitors. Studying these forces allows SIA to find a position in the airline industry where it can buffer itself from the power of the forces in order to increase its ability to earn above-average returns. Threats posed by new entrantsNew entrants to an industry typically bring to it new capacity, a desire to gain market share, and substantial resources (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 61). New entrants to an industry can raise the level of intensity of the competitiveness among companies, thereby reducing its attractiveness. The threat of new entrants largely depends on the barriers to entry obstructions that make it difficult for a company to enter an industry (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 62). High entry barriers exist in some industries (e.g. shipbuilding) whereas other industries are very easy to enter (e.g. estate agency, restaurants). Key barriers to entry include the need to gain economies of scale quickly, the need to gain technology, large capital and investment requirements, high customer switching costs, lack of access to industry distribution channels, the likelihood of retaliation from existing industry players, and potential saturation of the market. Despite all the numerous barriers to entry, new companies sometimes enter industries with higher quality products, lower prices and substantial marketing resources. It is the management strategists job to identify such threats from potential new competitors and to monitor the new rivals strategies, so as to counterattack as needed, and to capitalise on existing strengths and opportunities. Budget airlines such as Air Asia have been emerging in recent times which represent the emerging point-to-point budget model symbolized by Southwest, JetBlue, EasyGroup and RyanAir. With the economy still on its way to recovery, travellers are still reluctant to spend. The low carrier model works best in short-haul point-to-point market where price is extremely important and the deciding factor is price. The advantage of the low-cost model is that it fits well with current consumer demand as budget flights are cheap and offer more attractive deals to such travellers. One important factor for the emerging budget airline is that travellers main concern is to reach a destination. There is always a group of travellers with just this simple need to be satisfied. Those travellers have no need for in-flight or ground-level services. In face of growing competition, SIA would be launching their very own budget carrier called Tiger Airways. I believe that this is a good strategic move by SIA to tackle the threat from the new budget airlines that are entering the industry currently. Power of suppliersSuppliers are the businesses that supply materials other products into the industry (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 64). Suppliers can affect an industry through their ability to raise prices or reduce quantity of supply. The cost of items bought from suppliers (e.g. raw materials, components) can have a significant impact on a companys profitability. The bargaining power of suppliers affects the intensity of competition in an industry especially when there are a large numbers of suppliers, when there are only a few good substitute raw materials, or when the cost of switching raw materials is costly. If suppliers have high bargaining power over a company, then in theory the companys industry is less attractive. Companies should pursue backward vertical integration to gain control or ownership of suppliers. This strategy is effective when suppliers are unreliable, too costly, or not capable of meeting a companys needs on  consistent basis. Companies can negotiate more favourably with suppliers when backward vertical integration is a commonly used strategy among rival companies in an industry. Boeing and Airbus dominate the whole airline industry because they are the two major suppliers of aircrafts. There are no satisfactory substitute products available to airline companies as aircrafts are the only form of commercial air transport. Airlines are not a significant customer group for the two suppliers because they can supply aircrafts to governments/military as well. Boeings and Airbuss aircrafts are critical to the airline companys marketplace success because aircrafts are the most important resource in the airline industry. This in turn leads to high bargaining power of Boeing and Airbus they can increase prices and reduce the quality of their aircrafts, without any retaliation by any airlines including SIA. However, another major supplier of SIA is Singapore Airport Terminal Services (SATS), which provides ground-handling and in-flight catering services at Changi Airport. It is a subsidiary of Singapore Airlines (SIA) and now has about 80 per cent market share. It is a fine example of vertical integration undertaken by SIA to gain ownership of supplies. SIA was also very successful with other airline-related companies such as SIA Engineering Company which are now large groups of companies based all over Asia, with profits around the $200 million level, a significant proportion contributed by associate companies. Power of buyersBuyers are the people or organisations that create demand in an industry (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 64). When the buyers are concentrated or large, or buy in big volume, their bargaining power represents a force affecting the intensity of competition in an industry. Buyers affect an industry through their ability to force down prices, bargain for higher quality or more services, and play competitors against each other. The bargaining power of buyers is higher when the products being purchased are standard or undifferentiated. Whenever the bargaining power of buyer is substantial, rival companies may offer extended warranties or special services to gain customers loyalty. Air travellers and transportation companies purchase a large portion of the airline industrys total service. The sale of tickets to air travellers and cargo space to transportation companies account for a significant portion of the airline companys annual revenues. Buyer groups experience low switching costs as they can choose one airline company over another, depending on which offers better deals. When there are low switching costs, competitors can attract travellers through pricing and service offerings. As such, buyer groups have high buying bargaining power companies in the airline industry have to be more focused on the needs and desires of their customers in order to better serve and satisfy them. SIAs KrisFlyer gives its members more rewards and privilege that come with travelling so as to gain customer loyalty and to entice repeated sales. This is just one, but excellent, way of better serving and satisfying travellers who have considerable power. Product substitutesSubstitutes are products that appear to be different but can satisfy the same need as another product (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 63). In many industries, companies are in close competition with producers of substitute products in other industries. For example, tea can be considered as a substitute for coffee. According to Porter, substitutes limit the potential returns of an industry by placing a ceiling on the prices companies in the industry can profitably charge (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 64). In other words, it means that the presence of substitutes put a ceiling on the price to be charged before the consumers will switch to the substitute product. The presence of substitute products lowers the industry attractiveness and profitability because of the limited price levels. The competitive strength of substitutes is best measured by the market share those products obtain and those companies plans for increased capacity and market penetrationSubstitutes to aircrafts include sea and land transports which are much cheaper alternatives. However, they pose no serious threats to the airline company because air transport is still considered as the faster and most effective way to reach a destination. Nevertheless, with rapid advancements in technology, new and better modes of  transport may gradually emerge as better alternatives to aircrafts. In view of this, airlines such as SIA should keep developing strategies to differentiate itself along dimensions that travellers and transportation companies value, so as to reduce any substitutes attractiveness. The intensity of rivalry among competitorsThere are many airline companies in the industry. As a result, intense rivalries are common. The companies are generally aware of competitors actions, often choosing to respond to them. Due to the 911 incident and SARS, the airline industry has been experiencing slow growth which makes rivalry even more intense as companies battle to increase their market shares by attracting competitors customersSome airline companies are viewed as having few differentiated features or capabilities. Rivalry intensifies when a number of airline companies offer the same level of service. In view of this, travellers will then make the decision based on price. What SIA can do to counter the intense rivalry is to take competitive actions and competitive responses in efforts to be successful. The most important thing is of course to differentiate itself from competitors offerings in ways that travellers and transportation companies value and in which SIA has a competitive advantage. ConclusionAs can be seen from the above industry analysis, with threats posed by budget airlines; high bargaining power of Boeing and Airbus; high bargaining power of air travellers and transportation companies; and lastly, intense rivalry among competitors in the airline industry; SIA has to continuously improve itself in order to stay competitive in the airline industry. In fact, the company is doing that very well. It has been fast in reacting to the changes in the industry environment, as evident from their current strategies of introducing a budget airline, cutting costs, focusing attention on business class travellers and implementing long haul flights. Following such moves, will SIA then be able to continue staying ahead of competitors and be ensured of its position as one of the worlds leading carriers for many years to come? The answer remains to be seen. References Thomas L. Wheelen and J David Hunger (2000) Strategic Management And Business Policy 7th Edition Prentice Hall InternationalFred R. David (2001), Strategic Management Concepts And Cases 8th Edition. Prentice Hall InternationalMary Coulter and Stephens P. Robbins (1999) Management 6thEdition, Prentice Hall InternationalJ. David Hunger and Thomas L. Wheelen (2003) Essentials of strategic management, Prentice Hall InternationalCharles W.L. Hill and Gareth R. Jones (2002) Strategic management : an integrated approach 2nd Edition, Houghton MifflinPhilip Kotler (2003) Marketing Management 11th Edition, Prentice Hall International

Theorems Related To Mersenne Primes Mathematics Essay

Theorems Related To Mersenne Primes Mathematics Essay Introduction: In the past many use to consider that the numbers of the type 2p-1 were prime for all primes numbers which is p, but when Hudalricus Regius (1536) clearly established that 211-1 = 2047 was not prime because it was divisible by 23 and 83 and later on Pietro Cataldi (1603) had properly confirmed about 217-1 and 219-1 as both give prime numbers but also inaccurately declared that 2p-1 for 23, 29, 31 and 37 gave prime numbers. Then Fermat (1640) proved Cataldi was wrong about 23 and 37 and Euler (1738) showed Cataldi was also incorrect regarding 29 but made an accurate conjecture about 31. Then after this extensive history of this dilemma with no accurate result we saw the entry of Martin Mersenne who declared in the introduction of his Cogitata Physica-Mathematica (1644) that the numbers 2p-1 were prime for:- p= 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 67, 127 and 257 and for  other positive integers where p So simply the definition is when 2p-1 forms a prime number it is recognized to be a Mersenne prime. Many years later with new numbers being discovered belonging to Mersenne Primes there are still many fundamental questions about Mersenne primes which remain unresolved. It is still not identified whether Mersenne primes is infinite or finite. There are still many aspects, functions it performs and applications of Mersenne primes that are still unfamiliar With this concept in mind the focus of my extended essay would be: What are Mersenne Primes and it related functions? The reason I choose this topic was because while researching on my extended essay topics and I came across this part which from the beginning intrigued me and it gave me the opportunity to fill this gap as very little was taught about these aspects in our school and at the same time my enthusiasm to learn something new through research on this topic. Through this paper I will explain what are Mersenne primes and certain theorems, related to other aspects and its application that are related with it. Theorems Related to Mersenne Primes: p is prime only if 2p  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1 is prime. Proof: If p is composite then it can be written as p=x*y with x, y > 1. 2xy-1= (2x-1)*(1+2x+22x+23x+à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..+2(b-1)a) Thus we have got 2xy à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 as a product of integers > 1. If n is an odd prime, then any prime m that divides 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 must be 1 plus a multiple of 2n. This holds even when 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 is prime. Examples: Example I: 25 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 31 is prime, and 31 is multiple of (2ÃÆ'-5) +1 Example II: 211 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 23ÃÆ'-89, where 23 = 1 + 2ÃÆ'-11, and 89 = 1 + 8ÃÆ'-11. Proof: If m divides 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 then 2n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m). By Fermats Theorem we know that 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m). Assume n and m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 are comparatively prime which is similar to Fermats Theorem that states that (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)(n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n). Hence there is a number x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)(n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2) for which (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) ·x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n), and thus a number k for which (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) ·x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = kn. Since 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m), raising both sides of the congruence to the power x gives 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1, and since 2n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m), raising both sides of the congruence to the power k gives 2kn à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1. Thus 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x/2kn = 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ kn à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m). But by meaning, ( m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ kn = 1 which implies that 21 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m) which means that m divides 1. Thus the first conjecture that n and m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 are relatively prime is unsustainable. Since n is prime m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 have to be a multiple of n. Note: This information provides a confirmation of the infinitude of primes different from Euclids Theorem which states that if there were finitely many primes, with n being the largest, we have a contradiction because every prime dividing 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 must be larger than n. If n is an odd prime, then any prime m that divides 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 must be congruent to +/-1 (mod 8). Proof: 2n + 1 = 2(mod m), so 2(n + 1) / 2 is a square root of 2 modulo m. By quadratic reciprocity, any prime modulo which 2 has a square root is congruent to +/-1 (mod 8). A Mersenne prime cannot be a Wieferich prime. Proof: We show if p = 2m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 is a Mersenne prime, then the congruence does not satisfy. By Fermats Little theorem, m | p à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1. Now write, p à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = mÃŽÂ ». If the given congruence satisfies, then p2 | 2mÃŽÂ » à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1, therefore Hence 2m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 | ÃŽÂ », and therefore . This leads to , which is impossible since . The Lucas-Lehmer Test Mersenne prime are found using the following theorem: For n an odd prime, the Mersenne number 2n-1 is a prime if and only if 2n -1 divides S(p-1) where S(p+1) = S(p)2-2, and S(1) = 4. The assumption for this test was initiated by Lucas (1870) and then made into this straightforward experiment by Lehmer (1930). The progression S(n) is calculated modulo 2n-1 to conserve time.   This test is perfect for binary computers since the division by 2n-1 (in binary) can only be completed using rotation and addition. Lists of Known Mersenne Primes: After the discovery of the first few Mersenne Primes it took more than two centuries with rigorous verification to obtain 47 Mersenne primes. The following table below lists all recognized Mersenne primes:- It is not well-known whether any undiscovered Mersenne primes present between the 39th and the 47th from the above table; the position is consequently temporary as these numbers werent always discovered in their increasing order. The following graph shows the number of digits of the largest known Mersenne primes year wise. Note: The vertical scale is logarithmic. Factorization The factorization of a prime number is by meaning itself the prime number itself. Now if talk about composite numbers. Mersenne numbers are excellent investigation cases for the particular number field sieve algorithm, so frequently that the largest figure they have factorized with this has been a Mersenne number. 21039 1 (2007) is the record-holder after estimating took with the help of a couple of hundred computers, mostly at NTT in Japan and at EPFL in Switzerland and yet the time period for calculation was about a year. The special number field sieve can factorize figures with more than one large factor. If a number has one huge factor then other algorithms can factorize larger figures by initially finding the answer of small factors and after that making a primality test on the cofactor. In 2008 the largest Mersenne number with confirmed prime factors is 217029 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 418879343 ÃÆ'- p, where p was prime which was confirmed with ECPP. The largest with possible pr ime factors allowed is 2684127 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 23765203727 ÃÆ'- q, where q is a likely prime. Generalization: The binary depiction of 2p à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 is the digit 1 repeated p times. A Mersenne prime is the base 2 repunit primes. The base 2 depiction of a Mersenne number demonstrates the factorization example for composite exponent. Examples in binary notation of the Mersenne prime would be: 25à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 = 111112 235à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 = (111111111111111111111111111111)2 Mersenne Primes and Perfect Numbers Many were anxious with the relationship of a two sets of different numbers as two how they can be interconnected. One such connection that many people are concerned still today is Mersenne primes and Perfect Numbers. When a positive integer that is the sum of its proper positive divisors, that is, the sum of the positive divisors excluding the number itself then is it said to be known as Perfect Numbers. Equivalently, a perfect number is a number that is half the sum of all of its positive divisors. There are said to be two types of perfect numbers: 1) Even perfect numbers- Euclid revealed that the first four perfect numbers are generated by the formula 2nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1(2n  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1): n = 2:    2(4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 6 n = 3:    4(8 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 28 n = 5:    16(32 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 496 n = 7:    64(128 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 8128. Noticing that 2n  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1 is a prime number in each instance, Euclid proved that the formula 2nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1(2n  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1) gives an even perfect number whenever 2p  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1 is prime 2) Odd perfect numbers- It is unidentified if there might be any odd perfect numbers. Various results have been obtained, but none that has helped to locate one or otherwise resolve the question of their existence. An example would be the first perfect number that is 6. The reason for this is so since 1, 2, and 3 are its proper positive divisors, and 1  +  2  +  3  =  6. Equivalently, the number 6 is equal to half the sum of all its positive divisors: (1  +  2  +  3  +  6)  /  2  =  6. Few Theorems related with Perfect numbers and Mersenne primes: Theorem One: z is an even perfect number if and only if it has the form 2n-1(2n-1) and 2n-1 is a prime. Suppose first that   p = 2n-1 is a prime number, and set l = 2n-1(2n-1).   To show l is perfect we need only show sigma(l) = 2l.   Since sigma is multiplicative and sigma(p) = p+1 = 2n, we know sigma(n) = sigma(2n-1).sigma(p) =  (2n-1)2n = 2l. This shows that l is a perfect number. On the other hand, suppose l is any even perfect number and write l as 2n-1m where m is an odd integer and n>2.   Again sigma is multiplicative so sigma(2n-1m) = sigma(2n-1).sigma(m) = (2n-1).sigma(m). Since l is perfect we also know that sigma(l) = 2l = 2nm. Together these two criteria give 2nm = (2n-1).sigma(m), so 2n-1 divides 2nm hence 2n-1 divides m, say m = (2n-1)M.   Now substitute this back into the equation above and divide by 2n-1 to get 2nM = sigma(m).   Since m and M are both divisors of m we know that 2nM = sigma(m) > m + M = 2nM, so sigma(m) = m + M.   This means that m is prime and its only two divisors are itself (m) and one (M).   Thus m = 2n-1 is a prime and we have prove that the number l has the prescribed form. Theorem Two: n will also be a prime if 2n-1 is a prime. Proof: Let r and s be positive integers, then the polynomial xrs-1 is xs-1 times xs(r-1) + xs(r-2) + + xs + 1.   So if n is composite (say r.s with 1 Theorem Three:   Let n and m be primes. If q divides Mn = 2n-1, then q = +/-1 (mod 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and  q = 2kn + 1 for some integer k. Proof: If p divides Mq, then 2q  =  1 (mod p) and the order of 2 (mod p) divides the prime q, so it must be q.   By Fermats Little Theorem the order of 2 also divides p-1, so p-1  =  2kq.   This gives 2(p-1)/2 = 2qk = 1 (mod p) so 2 is a quadratic residue mod p and it follows p = +/-1 (mod 8), which completes the proof. Theorem Four: If p = 3 (mod 4) be prime and then 2p+1 is also prime only if 2p+1 divides 2p-1. Proof: Suppose q = 2p+1 is prime. q  =  7 (mod  8) so 2 is a quadratic residue modulo q and it follows that there is an integer n such that n2  =  2 (mod  q). This shows 2p = 2(q-1)/2 = nq-1 = 1 (mod q), showing q divides Mp.       Conversely, let 2p+1 be a factor of Mp. Suppose, for proof by contradiction, that 2p+1 is composite and let q be its least prime factor. Then 2p  =  1 (mod  q) and the order of 2 modulo q divides both p and q-1, hence p divides q-1. This shows q  >  p and it follows (2p+1) + 1 > q2 > p2 which is a contradiction since p > 2. Theorem Five: When we add the digits of any even perfect number with the exception of 6 and then sum the digits of the resulting number and keep doing it again until we get a single digit which will be one. Examples. 28  ¬10  ¬ 1, 496  ¬ 19  ¬ 10  ¬ 1, and 8128  ¬ 19  ¬10  ¬ 1 Proof: Let s(n) be the sum of the digits of n. It is easy to see that s(n) = n (mod 9). So to prove the theorem, we need only show that perfect numbers are congruent to one modulo nine. If n is a perfect number, then n has the form 2p-1(2p-1) where p is prime which see in the above theorem one. So p is either 2, 3, or is congruent to 1 or 5 modulo 6. Note that we have excluded the case p=2 (n=6). Finally, modulo nine, the powers of 2 repeat with period 6 (that is, 26 = 1 (mod 9)), so modulo nine n is congruent to one of the three numbers 21-1(21-1), 23-1(23-1), or 25-1(25-1), which are all 1 (mod 9). Conjectures and Unsolved Problems: Does an odd perfect number exist?   We have so far known that even perfect numbers are 2n-1(2n-1)from the Theorem One above, but what about odd perfect numbers?   If there is an odd perfect number, then it has to follow certain conditions:- To be a perfect square times an odd power of a single prime; It is divisible by at least eight primes and has to have at least 75 prime factors with at least 9 distinct It has at least 300 decimal digits and it has a prime divisor greater that 1020. Are there infinite numbers of Mersenne primes?   The answer is probably yes because of the harmonic sequence deviation. The New Mersenne Conjecture: P. T. Bateman, J. L. Selfridge and Wagstaff, Jr., S. S., have conjectured the following:- Let n be any odd natural number. If two of the following statements hold, subsequently so does the third: n = 2p+/-1  Ã‚   or  Ã‚   n = 4p+/-3 2n-1 is a prime (2n+1)/3 is a prime. Are all Mersenne number 2n-1 square free? This is kind of like an open question to which the answer is still not known and hence it cannot be called a conjecture. It is simple to illustrate that if the square of a prime n divides a Mersenne, then p is a Wieferich prime which are uncommon!   Only two are acknowledged lower than 4,000,000,000,000 and none of these squared divide a Mersenne.    If C0 = 2, then let C1 = 2C0-1, C2 = 2C1-1, C3 = 2C2-1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ then are all of these prime numbers?   Dickson Catalan (1876) responded to Lucas stating 2127-1 (which is C4) being a prime with this sequence: C0 = 2 (which is a prime) C1 = 3 (which is a prime) C2 = 7 (which is a prime) C3 = 127 (which is a prime) C4 = 170141183460469231731687303715884105727 (which is a prime) C5 > 1051217599719369681875006054625051616349 (is C5 a prime or not?) It looks as if it will not be very likely that C5 or further larger terms would be prime number.   If there is a single composite term in this series, then by theorem one each and every one of the following terms would be composite.   Are there more double-Mersenne primes? Another general misunderstanding was that if n=Mp is prime, then so is Mn; Lets assume this number Mn to be MMp which would be a double-Mersenne.  As we apply this to the first four such numbers we get prime numbers: MM2 = 2(4  -1) -1= 23-1  Ã‚   =  7 MM3 =  2(8-1)-1  Ã‚   =  127 MM5 =  2(32-1)-1  =  2147483647, MM7 =  2(128-1)-1 =  170141183460469231731687303715884105727. Application of Mersenne Prime: In computer science, unspecified p-bit integers can be utilized to express numbers up to Mp. In the mathematical problem Tower of Hanoi is where the Mersenne primes are used. It is a mathematical puzzle consisting of three rods, and a number of disks of different sizes, which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle begins with the disks in ascending order of size on the first rod, the largest at the bottom to the smallest at the top. A diagram given below illustrates the Tower of Hanoi. The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to another rod, obeying the following rules: Only one disk may be moved at a time. Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the rods and sliding it onto another rod, on top of the other disks that may already be present on that rod. No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk. Now to solve this game with a p-disc tower needs the minimum of Mp no of steps, where p is the no of disc used in the Tower of Hanoi and if we use the formula of Mersenne then we get the required result. An example of this would be if there were 5 discs involved in this Tower of Hanoi then the least number of steps required to finish this game would be 31 steps minimum. Conclusion After investigating the entire aspects, functions, and few applications of Mersenne Primes I believe that there is still many unsolved theories when it comes to Mersenne primes. These primes are also useful to investigates much further and deeper into the number system and help us to understand more sets of numbers such as Fermat prime, Wieferich prime, Wagstaff prime, Solinas prime etc.

Market Composition Essay -- Global Finance, Investments

Over the past two decades, a panoply of behavioral finance research has been devoted to exploring the trading patterns of behavior and trading performance of individual and institutional investor categories over time and across exchanges. In fact, this intriguing research topic is of considerable interest to academic scholars and market practitioners alike, because it has great academic value and practical implications for industry. Specifically, capturing the trading pattern and investment performance of each investor group within a particular country can cast light on some worthwhile issues such as market composition, information transmission, asset price formation, and market efficiency and liquidity. Due, in part, to the information asymmetry evidenced between institutional investors and individual investors (e.g., Alangar et al., 1999; Lin et al., 2007; Duong et al., 2009), each group is more likely to have its unique characteristics. In their 2008 study, Kaniel et al. point out that institutional investors are by and large perceived to be better-informed rational traders, and to have a rather long-term investment perspective. In contrast, individual investors are generally viewed as unsophisticated traders, who prefer short-term investment horizons and are deeply involved in making sentiment-driven investment decisions based on their own cognitive biases. On the other hand, researchers working in the area of behavioral finance distinguish between two acknowledged trading patterns premised on investors' reactions to the past price movements of stocks. The first pattern of behavior is labeled as momentum investing or positive feedback trading, in which investors purchase (sell) a stock in anticipation of a further rise (d... ...kes (2011) report significant evidence that all three investor types – especially insurers – are more contrarian when selling than buying, which suggests that investors are reluctant to realize losses, in conformity with the evidence presented by Grinblatt and Keloharju (2001) and Odean (1998). More recently, Phansatan et al. (2012) examine the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) and find that individual and institutional investors appear to be contrarian traders as opposed to foreign investors who are shown to be positive feedback traders. Interestingly, the trading strategies of institutions in the Thai stock market lead to very inferior security section, and thus very poor overall trading performance. On the other hand, the trading behavior of individual investors brings about gains from security section, but their poor market timing counterbalances these gains.

show me the money :: essays research papers

Show Me The Money!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think I should get more allowance for many reasons. One of the reasons is if I got more, I wouldn’t have to ask my parents for money. Also, I think I should get more allowance because I’m getting less, when I do more around the house. Lastly, I think I should get more allowance because if I want or need something I can get it myself, without waiting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think I should get more allowance because then I don’t have to ask my parents for it. More allowance would be better because then if I asked for money, it wouldn’t deduct from my present allowance. Secondly, I wouldn’t have to worry about spending all of it. My parents usually want change, but with my own money I wouldn’t have to worry about saving any of it. Finally, more allowance would mean less work for my family members. I would gladly do a few more jobs around the house for a little more cash.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A very important reason that I feel that I should get more allowance is that most of the time, I do most of my brother’s work, plus my own, and I still don’t get more money for it. Another reason for more allowance is that if I need something for school or for home, I would be able to pay for it myself. Lastly, if I wanted something, such as pop or a snack, I could pay for it myself. Another very important reason that I think I deserve more allowance is that I always have to watch my sister, Jordan. Jori is five. She can be fun, but most of the time is a pain. I guess my parents want me to watch her more because I’m more active and she has more fun with me. It is a big responsibility watching her. show me the money :: essays research papers Show Me The Money!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think I should get more allowance for many reasons. One of the reasons is if I got more, I wouldn’t have to ask my parents for money. Also, I think I should get more allowance because I’m getting less, when I do more around the house. Lastly, I think I should get more allowance because if I want or need something I can get it myself, without waiting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think I should get more allowance because then I don’t have to ask my parents for it. More allowance would be better because then if I asked for money, it wouldn’t deduct from my present allowance. Secondly, I wouldn’t have to worry about spending all of it. My parents usually want change, but with my own money I wouldn’t have to worry about saving any of it. Finally, more allowance would mean less work for my family members. I would gladly do a few more jobs around the house for a little more cash.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A very important reason that I feel that I should get more allowance is that most of the time, I do most of my brother’s work, plus my own, and I still don’t get more money for it. Another reason for more allowance is that if I need something for school or for home, I would be able to pay for it myself. Lastly, if I wanted something, such as pop or a snack, I could pay for it myself. Another very important reason that I think I deserve more allowance is that I always have to watch my sister, Jordan. Jori is five. She can be fun, but most of the time is a pain. I guess my parents want me to watch her more because I’m more active and she has more fun with me. It is a big responsibility watching her.

Representation of Cloning in the Media Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

Representation of Cloning in the Media      Ã‚   Since the birth of Dolly, the cloned sheep, the debate over human cloning has been characterized in the media as an ethical debate. When scientists announced that they had cloned an adult sheep, the public also heard that cloning humans was possible. The media stories about this unprecedented feat was not about the procedures utilized in but rather about the morality of the process itself. Media coverage focused on ethical concerns of cloning, its social, religious and physiological significance, and the motivation behind it. Although the there are many views expressed in the media on cloning, the main characterization of cloning as an ethical issue centers around two connected worries: the loss of individuality, and the seemingly evil motivations behind cloning. In a sense media coverage framed the public moral debate on cloning around the above issues.    In the coverage of cloning, the media has chosen to represent cloning as a danger to individuality and uniqueness. This concern about losing individuality stems from the status of clones as copies. The March 10, 1997 cover of Time Magazine shows two large identical pictures of sheep and in the background numerous copies of the same picture and the cover title asks, "Will There be Another of You ?". The picture accompanying the main article shows a coin operated machine dispensing white males, while another picture shows identical bodies dropping out of a test tube. Similar images expressing this concern over the loss of individuality brought on by cloning dominate the popular media.    This representation of cloning as a means of bringing about the loss of individuality reflects two widespread ideas. The first is... ...w, the media has framed the cloning debate as an ethical debate and has provided the framework that much of the public views the issue. Among the articles that I reviewed, the main characterization of cloning as an ethical issue centers around two connected worries: the loss of individuality, the motivations behind cloning. In the presentation cloning the media has not always presented an objective view of cloning, but rather has played upon peoples fears about loss of individuality and questionable use of cloning to create uncertainty among the public.    Works Cited Begley, Sharon, Little Lamb Who Made Thee, Newsweek, March 10, 1997 Elmer Dewitt, Cloning: Where Do We Draw the Line, Time, November 8, 1993 Herbert, Wray, The World After Cloning U.S News & World Report, March 10, 1997 Nash, Madeline, The Age of Cloning, Time, March 10, 1997

Common Criticisms in Psychology Paper

The artificiality of inventive conditions in experimental environments is a repeated concern. How real can laboratory-based research be? This paper will explain the criticism of artificiality in the discipline of psychology and apply this criticism to at least three sub disciplines within psychology. This paper will also compare and contrast the breakthrough model of scientific research and the principle of connectivity in explaining events and outcomes; finally ending with comparing and contrasting the concepts of the single cause explanation and the principle of multiple causation in explaining events and outcomes. Criticism of Artificiality Long gone are the days of William Wundt but what remains at the fore front is the expostulation of experimentation from critics that confining psychology to the laboratory spontaneously confines the mental phenomena it can analyze. An appropriate estimation of the artificiality criticism requires distinctively several intentions experimentalists follow. The discipline of psychology’s laboratory studies are seen by some as bizarre. Viewing psychology as an inadequate science by the public stems from belief that evidence cannot be acquired unless natural circumstances are examined (Stanovich, 2007). Social Psychology The college sophomore problem and criticisms of representativeness are most often aimed at social psychology, which makes frequent use of college subjects in laboratory paradigms in an attempt to develop theories of social interaction, group behavior, and information processing in social situations† ( as cited in Stanovich, 2007, page 114). Bio-medical research is correspondent in today’s state of social psychology, and many of times founded on problem searching and very well may be funded on the footing of the problem it intends to alleviate (Krueger, 2003). Popular and political interest plays a role in the search for a particular cure of disease. More over it is the methodical, theory based research of fundamental physiology that deciphers the operations of the human body’s functions as well as how under certain conditions it malfunctions (Fields, 1994; Skalka, 1993). In a correlating style, fundamental, â€Å"theory driven research on social psychological processes† will completely enlighten the distinctive defects and the adaptable successfulness of the social creature (Krueger, 2003). Abnormal Psychology In discussing the artificiality criticism within abnormal psychology, it has been shown that as a laboratory science, it has many times had to deal with solitary and maybe abnormal section of human behavior, more specifically college students; therefore inefficient of considering any ample warmth, richness, and inventiveness of human behavior. More concerns include the kind or representativeness of subjects participating in academic research. A quote taken from William Robinson (2007) sums up the artificiality criticism saying â€Å"If our interpretation of the human mind is based on the behavior of American college sophomores in artificially contrived situations and interpreted in terms of laws derived from domesticated rats and pigeons, then our psychology is truly culture bound† (Robinson, 2007). Organizational Psychology As the field of Organizational psychology has evolved and grown, so has the array of topics and important research questions needing answers. A common systematic approach implemented to start understanding work related psychological issues can be investigated. â€Å"Theory-driven and research-based human resource and organizational improvement efforts can be evaluated using state-of-the-art evaluation science approaches, and evaluation findings can be used to continually improve and institutionalize positive change efforts† ( Donaldson & Bligh, 2006). Connectivity and Convergence When a new theory in science touches upon previously verified empirical facts, this is definitive of the connectivity principle (Stanovich, 2007). Consideration as an advance is contingent upon explaining new facts while accounting for old ones. It makes no difference if the theory explains old facts differently from the earlier theory, just that they are explained. This necessity guarantees the accumulative development of science. Despite a new theory explaining new facts, if there is no explanation for the old ones then there are no considerations of finalized advancement and no immediate replacement of them (Stanovich, 2007). What will occur will be both the old and new theory coexisting as probable ideas until a new theory abdicates them null and void? Leading us astray is the breakthrough model of scientific research by suggesting that new findings violate the principle of connectivity (Stanovich, 2007). This suggestion deems risky because by abandoning the connectivity principle, the primary beneficiaries are purveyors of counterfeit science and incredulous theories. Notorious are headlines that lead off with â€Å"New Breakthrough. † Theories such as these acquire most of their interest and publicity by claims that they are astoundingly new. The next deception is to cast out past information by asserting them impertinent. The reason being given, that such information does not yet exist due to the newness of the theory. This breeds an environment of pseudoscience. Better explained is by the evolutionary theory the ghost of creationism, with its connectivity display of such different areas of science as morphology, biogeography, paleontology and many more. With the universe and earth estimating at around 10 thousand years in age, then many modern sciences of physics, chemistry, astronomy, cosmology, paleontology and beginning human history are entirely abolished (Unspoken Bible, n. . ). Darwin’s theory called pangenesis, abandons the principle of connectivity to illustrate the means heredity correlating with natural selection (Unspoken Bible, n. d. ). Where the problem lies is creationism proving no connectivity among any other things in science like in geology, genetics, ecology, chemistry and biology (Unspoken Bible, n. d. ). The utmost connectivity is proven with all the other sciences by evol ution (Unspoken Bible, n. d. ). Single Cause Explanation and Principle of Multiple Causation Even though a cause of behavior may be determined does not imply the only or most important cause of behavior (Stanovich, 2007). Causal analysis stems from the event explained as extreme, negative or unexpected. Preferences in single cause explanations may happen, such as when not enough time has been made looking for other possibilities, or a lack of cognitive resources. On the other hand, where constraints are lacking consideration in real effort may be given on a multitude of feasible causes for the event in question (Chu & Shaw, 2005). In providing a complete abdication of a specific behavior the weight of many different variables must be studied by the researcher as well as mixing the results of the studies in order to give a thorough snapshot of all the causal associations (Chu & Shaw, 2005). Despite an outcome having numerous different variable determinants this does not minimize the significance of a causally related outcome by one variable, this being the case for variables accounting for a mere percentage of the outcome. In considering multiple causes, explanations are often based on past experiences or intuitive theories (Chu & Shaw, 2005). This resulting in the accepted explanation that is most approachable or believable. Even though individuals understand and credit the existence of multiple causes they many times conduct themselves more along the lines of unitary beliefs (Stanovich, 2007). Complex behaviors are multiply determined. A multitude of factors perform to generate their occurrence. Mitigating a difference in the effect of acting together variables than what can be due easily studying them separately. Don’t fall prey to thinking that there is a single cause to a particular behavior. Conclusion In conclusion this paper has explained events and outcomes through compare and contrasts of both the breakthrough model of scientific research and the principle of connectivity and the concepts of single cause and the principle of multiple causation. A mutual consensus because psychology experiments are not like real life, this should be looked upon as a strength and not a weakness. No lone experiment is conclusive but instead gives leave of some alternative explanations, perpetuating the ability of zeroing in on the truth. References Chu, Y. & Shaw, J. (2005). Causal chaining: Effects of behavioral domain and Outcome valence on perceived causal structure. Retrieved August 10, 2009 from http://www. uiowa. edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp10_14. pdf Donaldson, S. I. & Bligh, M. C. (2006). Rewarding careers applying positive psychological science to improve quality of work life and organizational effectiveness. In Donaldson, S. , Berger, D. & Pezdek, K. (Eds. ) Applied sychology: New frontiers and rewarding careers. ( pp. 277 – 295). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Fields, B. N. (1994). AIDS: Time to turn to basic science. Nature 369: 95 – 96. Krueger, J. (2003). Towards a balanced social psychology: Causes, consequences and cures fro the problem-seeking approach to social behavior and cognition. Retrieved August 10, 2009 from http://www. scribd. com Robinson, W. (2007). Is 531: Psychology. Retrieved August 10, 2009 from http://www. web. utk. edu Skalka, A. M. (1993). Lobbying for research dollars: as more money goes into specific diseases available for basic research diminish. Washington Post (June 22) WH6 Stanovich, K. (2007). How to think straight about psychology. (8th ed. ). Allyn & Bacon: Pearson Education Company. The Unspoken Bible. (n. d. ). The scientific method. Retrieved August 10, 2009 from http://www. usbible. com

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Capital is A ) tools, equipment, and factories used in the production of goods and services; one of four factors of production. Economics is the use of what to produce and distribute goods and services? Correct D ) resources Want is Correct B ) way of expressing a need that leads to a preference for some goods over others The fundamental economic problem is Correct B ) scarcity. Why do economists need to find the answer to all three of these questions? Correct D ) there are not enough resources to satisfy people's seemingly unlimited wants Markets where productive resources are bought and sold are ______ markets.Correct A ) factor The key feature of the circular flow of economic activity is the Correct C ) market. Economics is based on Correct B ) scarcity. includes the tools, equipment, machinery, and factories used in the production of goods and services. Correct B ) Capital Twenty percent of the world's people in the wealthiest nations consume ____ percent of the world's goods and services. Correct A ) 86 In this passage, â€Å"Too much marketing today focuses on awareness rather than reasons to buy. In the old days, awareness advertising was more effective.There was less competition. All you had to worry about was whether or not people remembered your product. As technology and more kinds of media have come about, it's no longer enough to be remembered. The consumer has too many choices. Your marketing has to send the message that you are relevant. You need to be sending reasons to buy. † Advertisers are advised to focus on the economic concept of Correct C ) utility Manufactured goods needed to produce other goods and services are called Correct B ) capital goods. The dollar value of all final goods and services and the ost comprehensive measure of a country's total production output is Correct D ) Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The three basic economic questions everyone must answer are Correct C ) WHAT to produce, HOW to produce, FOR WHOM to produc e. Human capital is Correct B ) the sum of the skills, abilities, health, and motivation of people. According to Alice Rivlin in this passage: â€Å"Economic literacy is like having a working knowledge of a foreign language. If you are with a group of foreigners and don't speak their language at all, you feel excluded.If you have a rudimentary working knowledge of the language, you can at least follow the drift of the conversation, ask a few questions and feel that, even if you are not getting the fine points, you are not totally left out and you have a basis for acquiring more knowledge. That, it seems to me, is what economic literacy means-a rudimentary working knowledge of the concepts and language of economic activity. If you have a rudimentary working knowledge of economic concepts, you will be Correct B ) able to ask questions to gain more knowledge. Factors of production is/are CorrectB ) productive resources that make up the four categories of land, capital, labor, and entr epreneurship. â€Å"There Is No Such Thing As A Free Lunch† reminds us that Correct A ) resources are scarce and that we must make careful economic decisions regarding WHAT, HOW, and FOR WHOM to produce. In this passage, â€Å"To take an example,†¦ One man draws out the wire, another straightens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it;†¦ and [the making of] a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations. † Adam Smith is describing the basic economic concept of CorrectC ) division of labor. The situation in which some necessities have little value while some non-necessities have a much higher value is known as Correct A ) paradox of value. The money used to buy the tools and equipment needed for production is known as Correct C ) financial capital. In which type of economy do consumers and privately owned businesses make the majority of the WHAT, HOW, and FOR WHOM decisions?. Correct B ) free enterprise Division of labor is a charact eristic of Correct B ) assembly line production. The free market economy has developed a strong CorrectB ) system of banks. In modern economies, the medium of exchange is Correct B ) money. Which of the following lists the four factors of production? Correct D ) land, labor, capital, entrepreneurs Actions in one part of the country or world that have an economic impact on what happens elsewhere are examples of Correct D ) economic interdependence. Uneven distribution of oil reserves around the world is an example of scarcity of Correct C ) geography. One advantage of a ___________ economy is that it gradually adjusts to change over time. Correct A ) market A traditional economy is an CorrectB ) economy in which the allocation of resources and nearly all other economic activity from ritual or habit. The high degree of freedom in a market system is illustrated by the fact that Correct A ) producers can make whatever they think will sell. To arrive at an economic decision, a decision-m aking grid may be used to evaluate Correct C ) alternative choices of action. Who makes economic decisions in a command economy? Correct C ) the government An example of a market economy is Correct C ) the United States Economics is the use of what to produce and distribute goods and services? Correct D ) resourcesIn the cost-benefit analysis described in this passage: â€Å"Research has long demonstrated the educational value of early intervention for America's at-risk children, but a new study also shows the federal programs are a wise public investment. who are the investors A cost-benefit analysis of the federally funded Chicago Child-Parent Center program, which serves children from low-income families in Chicago's inner city [shows that] an average annual cost of $6,730 per child generated a total return to society at large of $47,759 per participant. † Who benefited from the savings? Correct C ) all of societyA popular model used to illustrate the concept of opportunit y cost is Correct A ) the production possibilities frontier. Which of the following best describes the relationship between trade-offs and opportunity costs? Correct A ) Opportunity costs are incurred when trade-offs are made. The study of economics is important because it enables us to Correct C ) become better decision makers. The most important function of a distribution system is to link _____. Correct C ) producers and consumers Which term refers to the idea that if you have more of one thing, you must have less of another? CorrectB ) opportunity cost What type of economic system does this passage: â€Å"So long as mankind lived by raising crops and herding animals, there was not much need for measuring small units of time. The seasons were all important-to know when to expect the rain, the snow, the sun, the cold. Why bother with hours and minutes? Daylight was the only important time, the only time when men could work. † describe? Correct A ) traditional economy The pu rpose of government in a command economy is to Correct C ) make major economic decisions. A market economy Correct A ) does not provide for everyone's basic needs.Opportunity cost is the Correct D ) cost of the next best alternative use of money, time, or resources when one choice is made rather than another. An economy at its production possibilities frontier is operating Correct B ) at full potential. The term â€Å"standard of living† refers to Correct A ) quality of life in a country. Bar graphs Correct A ) shows relationships between different data series is the bar graph. Here the height of the bar represents the measured value or frequency: The higher or longer the bar, the greater the value. The main drawback of the traditional economy is that itCorrect A ) tends to discourage new ideas and ways of doing things. In the economic system described in this passage: â€Å"Diaguita Indians have lived in this region for generations†¦ We grow beans, corn and potatoes on the mountain slopes. To irrigate these crops, we still use the channels built centuries ago by our ancestors. We also breed llamas. In our community, the more llamas you own, the richer you are† . answers to the basic economic questions would be determined by Correct A ) habit and custom. All of the following are characteristics of a command economy EXCEPTCorrect B ) public services are available at little or no cost. In a ____________ economy, a central authority makes most of the WHAT, HOW, and FOR WHOM decisions. Correct B ) command What do we call a way of thinking that compares the cost of an action to its benefits? Correct A ) cost-benefit analysis What is the single largest source of revenue for the federal government? Correct C ) individual income taxes The benefit principle of taxation states that Correct D ) people who benefit from government goods and services should pay taxes according to the benefit they receiveFICA includes taxes to pay for Correct A ) Social Se curity and Medicare. Personal individual income tax is a _____________ tax. Correct B ) regressive An exception or oversight in the tax law that allows some people and businesses to avoid paying taxes is called a Correct C ) tax loophole The three criteria for effective taxes are Correct D ) equity, simplicity, and efficiency A ________ tax paid by corporations on their income. Correct D ) corporate income tax This passage: â€Å"We'll cut your taxes† is the most repeated campaign promise in the history of American politics.Yet somehow it is still considered visionary, worth a fight. Worth, indeed, a crusade. Why? It's in our blood. Historically, Americans have hated taxes, and not merely because we had to pay them. We've hated taxes because we've perceived them to be an infringement on our liberty-and the source of big, powerful, and mischievous government. This was true from the beginning. It wasn't just â€Å"taxation without representation† that bothered us so much . It was taxation. Period. † compares the feelings of Americans toward taxation today to those same feelings around the time of the Correct C ) American Revolution.The incidence of a tax can more effectively be shifted from the supplier to the consumer if Correct A ) the demand curve is inelastic. The ability-to-pay principle of taxation states that Correct C ) people should be taxed according to their ability to pay. Iowa residents can take solace in knowing that they'll likely help the state with its budget crunch if President Bush cuts federal taxes. Iowa's softening economy has left state government revenue stagnant, a problem caused by a lack of spending by Iowans. Sales-tax receipts have barely bumped up from last year, and it's coming back to hit the state budget.In Iowa, residents get to deduct their federal income taxes from their state income taxes. So if the federal government saves Iowans $1 billion in income a tax, that's $1 billion that the state will get to tax. According to the passage, how will a cut in federal income taxes help the Iowa state budget crunch? Correct A ) The state can tax more of residents' income. Intergovernmental revenues are generally intended for Correct A ) education and public welfare. According to the passage: America can celebrate Tax Freedom Day ® on May 3, 2001, according to the Tax Foundation's annual calculation.That means that the nation's taxpayers have to work from January 1, 2001, to the 123rd day of the year before earning enough money to pay for government-federal, state, and local-and start spending money on themselves. †¦ Individual income taxes represent the largest component of Americans' tax bills†¦. what is the meaning of â€Å"Tax Freedom Day†? Correct D ) By that day, you have earned enough to pay your income taxes for the year. The authority to levy a federal income tax comes from Correct B ) the Sixteenth Amendment. An excise tax is a Correct B ) tax on the manufacture and s ale of selected items. The â€Å"incidence of a tax†Correct B ) refers to those who bear the final burden of taxation. A _____________ tax is tax on tangible and intangible possessions, such as real estate, buildings, furniture, stocks, bonds, and bank accounts. Correct B ) property The three largest sources of revenue for local governments are Correct A ) utility and liquor store income, property tax, and intergovernmental revenues. FICA is Correct D ) tax levied on employers and employees to support Social Security and Medicare According to the passage: â€Å"Back in 1940, when the Social Security program was just getting under way, average life expectancy was less than 64 years.The program's designers expected that most people would contribute to the program most of their lives and die before collecting a dime in retirement benefits. Today, average life expectancy in the United States is more than 75 years. As life expectancy has soared, birthrates have declined, leaving fewer and fewer workers to support the ballooning number of retirees. In 1950, [the system] was solidly supported with 16 workers paying for each retiree; today, there are just over three workers per beneficiary. † The increase in average life expectancy has created a problem for the Social Security system becauseCorrect B ) more people are collecting retirement benefits. The two broad categories of government spending are Correct B ) the purchase of goods and services and payments to disadvantaged groups. Although direct mail and special events are typical fundraising methods, one senator who was challenging an incumbent got the most money from his own personal phone calls to donors. Correct A ) True Transfer payments from the government to individuals or other levels of government might be used for all of the following EXCEPT Correct C ) maintenance of the armed forces. A Value-added tax is CorrectA ) tax placed on the value that manufacturers add at the end of production. B ased on this passage: â€Å"Every year at this time, Congress discovers, with a great public show of dismay and indignation, the existence of the American tax code and the agency that administers it, the Internal Revenue Service. There are high-minded calls for abolishing the current tax system and replacing it. Around April 15, Congress likes to pretend that the tax code just sort of appeared or just happened. But the Constitution puts the burden of taxes solely, exclusively and entirely on Congress' shoulders.The tax code is the way it is because a majority of Congress wants it that way. Members of Congress probably like to pretend that the tax code just â€Å"sort of appeared† because they Correct B ) don't want voters to associate them with taxes. Leisure and creative pursuits are called Correct D ) culture The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 Correct D ) did little to benefit people without children or capital gains. Overall, who benefited most from tax reform in 1997? Corre ct C ) the top 20 percent of wage and income earners __________ is the part of the economy made up of federal, state, and local governments. CorrectB ) Public sector The flat tax Correct D ) simplifies the tax process. A value-added tax (VAT) is Correct B ) tax on the value added at every stage of the production process The alternative minimum tax Correct B ) requires people to pay a minimum tax of 20 percent. The VAT is a ______ tax. Correct D ) federal All of the following are effects of increased government spending EXCEPT Correct D ) a decrease in competition between the public and private sectors. The flat tax Correct C ) departs from ability-to-pay principle of taxation. All levels of government combined consume about Correct B ) one-third of the nation's output.All of the following EXCEPT one are advantages to a value-added tax. Correct B ) it is invisible to consumers All of the following are effects of the federal debt EXCEPT Correct D ) interest rates are lowered. An examp le of mandatory spending is financing for Correct A ) interest payments on the federal debt. The pay-as-you-go provision is Correct D ) requirement that new spending proposals or tax cuts must be offset by reductions elsewhere. Who pays for the maintenance on the state highway linking Tyler, Texas, with Corsicana, Texas? Correct C ) Texas The sequence for the approval of the federal budget is CorrectB ) president to Congress back to president. Based on the facts given in the passage: â€Å"One result of the current Social Security debate has been to concentrate the public's mind on the true economic condition of the elderly. While the top 20% of seniors are relatively affluent? almost all of the rest are highly dependent on Social Security. The program provided at least half of the total income of more than 55% of senior citizens and at least 75% of the total income of more than a third. Social Security lifted 11. 4 million seniors-or nearly half of the 65-and-older population-out of poverty, cutting the elderly's poverty rate from 47. % to 11. 9%. ,† approximately how many Americans are age 65 or older? Correct C ) slightly under 22. 8 million Of the four categories listed below, which accounts for the largest amount of local expenditures? Correct B ) public utilities Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of the federal deficit to the federal debt? Correct B ) The federal deficit leads to borrowing, which adds to the federal debt. According to the passage: â€Å"One result of the current Social Security debate has been to concentrate the public's mind on the true economic condition of the elderly.While the top 20% of seniors are relatively affluent? almost all of the rest are highly dependent on Social Security. The program provided at least half of the total income of more than 55% of senior citizens and at least 75% of the total income of more than a third. Social Security lifted 11. 4 million seniors-or nearly half of th e 65-and-older population-out of poverty, cutting the elderly's poverty rate from 47. 6% to 11. 9%. ,† about what percentage of the elderly would be living in poverty if the Social Security system did not exist? Correct A ) 47. 6% The United States government accumulated huge deficits during the 1980's due toCorrect C ) a doubling of spending on national defense. All of the following are differences between the federal debt and private debt EXCEPT Correct C ) the federal debt is the total amount of money borrowed from investors. Interest on debt is Correct D ) costs incurred by both state and local governments for borrowing money Which of the following is NOT an example of a local government? Correct C ) neighborhood associations The federal debt is Correct D ) amount borrowed to finance deficit spending budget with neither a surplus or deficit Which of the following is an example of an entitlement payment?Correct B ) federal money given to a senior citizen as a Social Securit y payment All of the following are local officials with approval power for spending EXCEPT Correct D ) the tax assessor. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of the federal deficit to the federal debt? Correct B ) The federal deficit leads to borrowing, which adds to the federal debt. From the choices below, identify when the federal government began significant deficit spending. Correct C ) 1980's Of the four categories listed below, which accounts for the largest amount of state expenditures?Correct D ) higher education Who formulates the federal budget? Correct C ) the president Of the four categories listed below, which accounts for the largest amount of local expenditures? Correct B ) public utilities Based on the passage: â€Å"The Aztec in Central America used cacao beans, from which chocolate is made, as money. Prices varied from a few beans for a piece of fruit to several thousand for an enslaved person. Aztec merchants had to take care when se lling expensive items. Payment usually came stored in sacks, and the sacks might contain counterfeit money-bean husks filled with mud. What type of money did the Aztec use? Correct D ) commodity money Which of the following statements about a gold standard is FALSE? Correct C ) It is easier to expand the money supply. The United States government ended the gold standard in Correct B ) 1934. Based on the passage: † To get its new Sacajawea dollar into circulation, the U. S. Mint has issued more than 500 million of the golden coins since the end of January, not only to banks, but also to Wal-Mart and Sam's club stores. But in what may be the greatest coin trick ever, the dollars have all but vanished.People are making them into jewelry, auctioning them off on eBay, and leaving them under pillows on behalf of the tooth fairy-anything but spending them†¦. The Mint expects Sacajawea to be back in circulation by year-end, when more than a billion of the dollars will have been m inted and the novelty, it hopes, will have worn off. † Sacajawea dollars have disappeared because many people believe they are Correct A ) worth more as a commodity than as currency. According to the passage: â€Å"After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, Russian currency was not trusted. Real money played a fairly small part in Russia's economy.Most business was conducted by barter or with IOUs. For example, workers rarely received wages in the form of cash. A bicycle factory outside the city of Perm paid its workers in bicycles! To get cash, the workers had to sell their â€Å"paychecks† More often than not, they simply traded the bicycles for the products they want. † most business in Russia, at that time, was conducted without currency because Russian currency was not Correct A ) accepted. Greenbacks and United States notes were issued to Correct A ) raise money to finance the Civil War. The value of fiat money is Correct D ) faith in the government.Th ese passages in the United States Constitution† â€Å"Article 1, Section 8: The Congress shall have the power: To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof and in Article 1, Section 10: No State shall coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts†¦. † made which of the following statements true at that time? Correct C ) The government could not print paper money.Which of the following statements about a gold standard is FALSE? Correct C ) It is easier to expand the money supply. The problem with Continental dollars was that Correct A ) so much was printed they became nearly worthless. Money that has an alternative use as an economic good is Correct A ) commodity money. Money functions as all of the following EXCEPT Correct D ) a measure of value. One disadvantage of using gold as a standard for money is Correct D ) paper currency holders could exchange it for gold. What is the origin of the American dollar? Correct B ) the Spanish peso and shillings Money by government decree; has no alternative value or use as a commodity is called Correct C ) fiat moneyFiat currency is also known as ________. (hint: look at the paper money in your possession. ) Correct A ) legal tender The part of modern money that we can touch consists of Correct B ) Federal Reserve Notes. Local banks in the 1800's that printed too much money were called Correct A ) wildcat banks. ________ is/are the monetary standard under which the basic currency unit is equivalent to, and can be exchanged for, a specific amount of gold Corr ect D ) Gold standard To make a difference with the Spanish peso, Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton divided the dollar into Correct B ) tenths (10 equal pieces). Most stocks in the United States are traded on theCorrect B ) over-the-counter market. In what city was America's first stock exchange located? Correct B ) Philadelphia To determine Gross National Product, Correct C ) add to GDP all payments received by Americans outside the U. S. and subtract payments made to foreign-owned resources in the U. S. In 2001, the national debt was $5. 1 trillion dollars. When President Obama was inaugurated in January of 2009, the national debt was $10. 6 trillion. Sixteen months later the national debt is Correct A ) $13. 1 trillion dollars. In the Gross Domestic Product defense spending is in which sector? Correct B ) governmenGross Domestic Product is CorrectD ) dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year. Which is the best measure of th e nation's income? Correct B ) GNP Which stock exchange the largest electronic screen-based equity securities trading market in the United States. Correct D ) NASDAQ A bull market is a Correct C ) period during which stock market prices move up for several months or years in a row. The Efficient Market Hypothesis argues that Correct A ) stocks are always priced about right and bargains are hard to find. A bear market is a Correct A ) period during which stock market prices move down for several months or years in a row.The great majority of stocks in the United States are traded on Correct C ) the over-the-counter market. The Efficient Market Hypothesis argues that Correct A ) stocks are always priced about right. According to the United States Treasury, the US national debt is the Correct A ) principal amount owed by the US to its lenders, for example, China and Japan A stock transaction that is made immediately at the market price is made in the Correct B ) spot market. The larges t sector of the macroeconomy is the Correct D ) consumer sector. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) represent what market value of all U. S. stocks on the New York Stock Exchange Correct A ) fifth (20%)Which of the following is the most important aggregate of how a country is doing economically? Correct C ) gross national produce Investors who sign a contract guaranteeing them the option of selling shares of stock at a specified price in the future have agreed to a Correct D ) put option. In the model GDP = C + I + G + F, the â€Å"F† represents the Correct B ) difference between the dollar value of goods sent abroad and goods purchased from abroad. Since colonial times, the average size of a household in the United States has Correct B ) decreased. Which best describes the movement of the center of population of the United States? Correct C ) east to westBy April 2000, the population of the United States stood at about 281. 4 million people. This year's anticipated cens us will be _____ million people. Correct D ) 309 The official count of all people in the United States is called Correct D ) the decennial census. A price index is a ______________. Correct C ) a statistical series that can be used to measure changes in prices over time Real GDP is Correct D ) GDP adjusted to remove the distortion of inflation. Life expectancy is the Correct A ) average remaining life span in years for persons who attain a given age. Since colonial times, the rate of growth of the United States population has Correct B ) steadily decreased.What is the implicit GDP price deflator? Correct A ) a price index that measures price changes in GDP All of the following factors affect population growth EXCEPT Correct A ) demographers. All of the following statements about real GDP are true EXCEPT Correct C ) real GDP is the same as current GDP. Which of the following is the correct way to calculate real GDP? Correct B ) Divide current GDP by the implicit GDP price deflator an d then multiply by 100. The United States lost 600,000 soldiers during World War II and another 37,00 in the Korean War. In the years from 1946 until 1964 there were 76 million babies born. This era has been named the Correct B ) baby boom.The official count of all people in the United States is called Correct D ) the decennial census. Economists know it is important to track inflation because it Correct B ) distorts statistics about overall economic performThe mean center of United States population (using the centroid definition) has been calculated for each U. S. Census since 1790. Currently this point is located in Correct D ) Missouri. All of the following factors affect population growth EXCEPT Correct A ) demographers. To construct a price index, all of the following are needed EXCEPT Correct B ) the current inflation rate. Business cycles are Correct A ) nonsystematic upturns and downturns of real GDP.Real GDP per capita is the preferred measure of economic growth over the l ong run because Correct B ) prices and the population change over time. This marked the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929: Correct D ) stock market crash The United States experienced almost no growth in real GDP per capita Correct A ) between 1929 and 1939. Which of the following factors affect economic growth? Correct D ) all of the above Which of the following statements about economic growth is FALSE? Correct C ) Economic growth decreases the tax base. Increasing productivity results in Correct A ) increasing economic growth. An econometric model is a CorrectD ) macroeconomic model that uses algebraic equations to describe how the economy behaves. A number of factors are important to economic growth-especially the quantity and quality of the Correct C ) factors of production (A)(An) ___________ is a monthly statistical series that anticipates changes to the real GDP. Correct D ) index of leading indicators The United States experienced almost no growth in real GDP per ca pita Correct A ) between 1929 and 1939. A period during which real GDP declines for two quarters in a row, or six consecutive months, is call a(n) ___________. It begins when the economy reaches a peak, and ends when the economy reaches a trough. Correct A ) recession The passage: â€Å"A key gauge of future U. S. conomic activity declined 0. 5% last month, as the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington weakened an already troubled economy. The Conference Board said Monday its index of leading economic indicators fell to 109. 2 in September,†¦ the largest one-month decline since January 1996†¦. The index indicates where the overall U. S. economy is headed in the next three to six months†¦. The economy had been struggling for several months before the Sept. 11 attacks. Many economists have said they believe that a recession is unavoidable with the new uncertainties raised by the disaster. † discusses a business fluctuation influenced by Correct D ) external shock.The _____ is a composite index of 11 economic series that move up and down in advance of changes in the overall economy; statistical series used to predict business cycle turning points. Correct C ) econometric model Your ________ is the quality of life based on the possession of necessities and luxuries that make life easier. Correct B ) standard of living Increasing productivity results in Correct A ) increasing economic growth. The business cycle since World War II has been characterized by Correct A ) extended expansions alternating with brief recessions. Changes in ____________ expenditures are one cause of business cycles. Correct D ) capital A major feature of a __________ is its ability to increase real per capita output enough to allow people to raise their standard of living.This system also increases people's free time, allowing them to devote more attention to families, hobbies, and recreational activities. Correct C ) free enterprise economy When product ivity grows, people produce relatively ______ with the same amount of inputs, and the prices of goods and services tend to stay _______. Correct D ) more, low The change in price level is the _______. Correct B ) an increase in the general price level Prices tend to _______ during expansions and then ________ during recessions. Correct A ) rise faster, slow down To measure the price level, economists select a market basket of goods and then construct a price index such as the Correct B ) consumer price index, producer price index, or implicit GDP.Because there are always some workers who are in the process of changing jobs, there will always be some ____________ unemployment in the economy. Correct D ) frictional According to the passage: â€Å"The nation's unemployment rate rose to 4. 5 percent in June as manufacturers continued to suffer heavy job losses and demand for workers in service industries fell to the lowest level in 10 months. The Labor Department reported Friday that t he jobless rate rose 0. 1 percentage point from a 4. 4 percent rate in May. The 4. 5 percent level matched the unemployment rate in April with both months representing the highest level the jobless rate has reached in the year-long economic slowdown. † what was the highest level that unemployment reached that year? Correct D ) 4. % All of the following are theories regarding the cause of inflation EXCEPT Correct C ) cost-pull. Unemployment that occurs when a fundamental change in the operations of the economy reduces the demand for workers and their skills is called ___________ unemployment. Correct A ) technological The ________ curve is a curve that shows how much the actual distribution of income varies from an equal distribution. Correct B ) Lorenz At the peak of the Great Depression 1 out of ____ were unemployed. Correct A ) 4 A relatively low rate of inflation, usually 1 to 3 percent annually is Correct A ) creeping inflation A booming economy. Record-low unemployment.A blizzard of pink slips [a note stating that a person has been fired]. What's wrong with this picture? The fact is, even in the best of times hundreds of thousands of people lose their jobs through no fault of their own†¦. You might not get any advance warning, so don't be caught off guard. Have an up-to-date resume and networking system†¦. You want to be able to launch your job search soon after you get the bad news. What type of unemployment does this passage describe? Correct D ) frictional The unemployment rate understates employment conditions for all of the following reasons EXCEPT Correct A ) some workers are â€Å"between jobs† for one reason or another. Galloping inflation is CorrectB ) intense form of inflation that can go as high as 100 to 300 percent The passage: â€Å"For all the recent talk of cutting taxes, Congress rarely cuts them when the economy is growing robustly, as it is now, and unemployment is low. The worry among economists is that the extr a money in people's pockets may make an already strong economy too strong, finally stoking inflation after a long period of relatively stable prices. † describes rising inflation as a possible result of Correct B ) a booming economy. According to the demand-pull theory, inflation is caused by Correct D ) consumers. Full employment is reached when the employment rate drops below _____ percent. Correct B ) 4. 5 Changes in technology and changes in consumer tastes can cause Correct B ) structural unemployment.According to the demand-pull theory, inflation is caused by Correct D ) all of the above. Unemployment that is directly related to swings in the business cycle is Correct C ) cyclical unemployment According to the passage: â€Å"The Bank of Amsterdam was established in Holland in 1609. At that time, Amsterdam was a center of world trade. More than 340 different kinds of silver coins and about 500 types of gold coins circulated throughout the city. Dutch merchants had little idea how much these coins were worth, so the Bank of Amsterdam was set up under a charter from the city to standardize the currency. The Bank of Amsterdam operated as Holland's central bank for more than 200 years.After making a series of bad loans, however, it failed and went out of business in 1819-almost 100 years before America's central bank was founded. † why did the Bank of Amsterdam stop operating? Correct C ) It made bad loans. actions by the Federal Reserve System to expand or contract the money supply in order to affect the cost and availability of credit Correct D ) monetary policy A portion of the deposits in the form of coins and currency that banks and other depository institutions are required to hold are called ________ reserves. Correct D ) legal The quantity theory of money holds that excessive increases in the monetary supply Correct C ) lead to inflation.Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan decided seven years ago to publicize the central bank's intere st-rate moves once they were made. Now, each meeting of the Fed-whether the central bank changes rates or not-triggers a chorus of instant analysis of what it means for the economy and the financial markets. Which function of the Federal Reserve is the subject of this passage? Correct C ) regulating the money supply The Fed remains largely independent from politics for all of the following reasons EXCEPT Correct D ) the president and Congress appoint new members to vacant seats on the Board of Governors. he dilemma faced by the Fed when considering monetary policy is the choice between Correct A ) inflation and interest rates.Based on this quotation: â€Å"Not too many years ago, Federal Reserve officials conducted monetary policy as if they were members of the Politburo plotting behind the thick walls of the Kremlin. † the author believed that the Federal Reserve had been too Correct D ) secretive. When command economies make the transition to capitalism, they face all of th e following challenges except Correct A ) the Gosplan. Correct B ) debts and obligations. The Fed has defined different categories of money, M1 and M2, according to the money's Correct B ) function. Repeated short-run attempts to keep interest rates low result in a _________ of the money supply, making inflation _________. Correct A ) long-term expansion, worse e FED has defined M2 as Correct A ) represents the components of the money supply that most closely conform to money's role as a. store of value. Which letter designations mark Fed actions that will expand the money supply? Correct B ) Lower reserve requirement, Buy bonds, Lower discount rate. The ___________ is the interest the Fed charges on loans to financial institutions. Correct D ) discount rate Assets are Correct A ) properties, possessions, and claims on others. n the long run, changes in the supply of money affect the ____________. Correct C ) general level of prices Which letter designations mark Fed actions that wi ll contract the money supply? CorrectC ) Raise reserve requirement, Sell bonds, Raise discount rate For a bank to be profitable, how much of a spread must it maintain between the rate it charges on loans and the rate it pays for borrowed funds? Correct B ) 2-3 percent A balance sheet shows all of the following EXCEPT Correct A ) bank assets on the right of the T account. All of the following are tools of monetary policy EXCEPT Correct C ) tight money controls. The dilemma faced by the Fed when considering monetary policy is the choice between Correct A ) inflation and interest rates. The price of credit is the ______. Correct A ) rate of interest At times the Fed monetizes the debt in order to CorrectB ) keep interest rates from rising. In the short run, monetary policy affects Correct C ) interest rates and available credit. The social costs of economic instability include all of the following EXCEPT Correct A ) stagflation. Those who favor supply-side policies would tend to suppor t the government playing Correct B ) a reduced role in the economy. Monetarism is described as Correct D ) emphasis on the role of money and its growth as a key to controlling inflation and unemployment. Deregulation is most closely associated with Correct D ) supply-side economics. Economic instability wastes all of the following EXCEPT Correct C ) tax revenues.According to John Maynard Keynes's theory of the multiplier-accelerator effect, a decline in investment spending will Correct B ) lead to a downward spiral of the economy. ____________ policies are federal policies designed to increase or decrease total demand in the economy by shifting the aggregate demand curve to the right or to the left. Correct D ) Demand-side Aggregate demand will increase Correct D ) if consumers save less and spend more. Unlike demand-side economics, supply-side economics Correct A ) advocates reduced government involvement in business. The unofficial statistic that is the sum of monthly inflation an d the unemployment rate; same as discomfort index is Correct B ) misery indexAccording to Keynesian economics, only the _________ sector is big enough to step in and offset changes in investment sector spending. Correct B ) consumer The ____________ is the sum of the monthly inflation and unemployment rates. Correct A ) misery index Which is an example of the uncertainty caused by economic instability? Correct B ) A consumer delays a purchase. Social costs are Correct D ) price of economic instability in human terms. The _____________ like unemployment insurance and Social Security protect consumers and the economy in general if economic conditions worsen. Correct A ) automatic stabilizers Which of the following statements is FALSE? Correct B ) Economic instability is at the root of all social problems. John Maynard Keynes CorrectD ) introduced his theories in 1936. The social costs of economic instability include all of the following EXCEPT Correct A ) stagflation. Economists measu re the cost of economic instability with Correct D ) both a and b Wage price controls are Correct B ) regulations making it illegal for businesses to give workers raises or to raise prices without the explicit permission of the government. Stagflation is ________. Correct B ) period of stagnant growth combined with inflation The use of government spending and taxing to influence economic activity is called _ Correct B ) fiscal A period of stagnant growth combined with inflation is known as ____________. CorrectB ) stagnation The basis for international trade stems from Correct B ) the differences in production costs from one country to another. The Council of Economic Advisers Correct C ) advises the president on economic developments and strategy. The three-member group that reports on economic developments and proposes strategies to the president is called the Correct A ) Council of Economic Advisers. Which is the best description of the role of the Council of Economic Advisers? C orrect A ) report economic developments and propose strategies The nation's monetary policy Correct A ) often comes under attack from politicians. The United States imports CorrectC ) billions of dollars in products each year. Which of the following is proof that international trade is beneficial? Correct C ) the fact that free nations choose to trade vThe three-member group that reports on economic developments to the president is called the Correct B ) Council of Economic Advisers. A country has a(n) ___________ whenever it is able to produce more of a given product than another. Correct A ) absolute advantage ____________ economic policies grew out of the unemployment and other problems that occurred during the Great Depression of the 1930's. Correct D ) Demand-side All of the following describe economists EXCEPT CorrectB ) economists are sharply divided into competing schools of thought with little overlap of ideas and beliefs. If a country wants to trade a product with another country, it must have a(n) ___________ in the production of that product. Correct D ) comparative advantage Alpha can produce either 10 apples or 3 oranges. Beta can produce either 12 apples or 3 oranges. Correct C ) Beta has an absolute advantage in the production of apples. Imports are Correct B ) goods and services that one country buys from other countries. The ability of a country to produce a product with greater output per unit of input is Correct A ) absolute advantage. . A country has a comparative advantage when it can